conda is a tool for managing and deploying applications, environments and packages.

options:
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
-v, --verbose Can be used multiple times. Once for detailed output, twice for INFO logging, thrice for DEBUG logging, four times for TRACE logging.
--no-plugins Disable all plugins that are not built into conda.
-V, --version Show the conda version number and exit.

commands:
The following built-in and plugins subcommands are available.

COMMAND
activate Activate a conda environment.
clean Remove unused packages and caches.
commands List all available conda subcommands (including those from plugins). Generally only used by tab-completion.
compare Compare packages between conda environments.
config Modify configuration values in .condarc.
create Create a new conda environment from a list of specified packages.
deactivate Deactivate the current active conda environment.
doctor Display a health report for your environment.
env Create and manage conda environments.
export Export a given environment
info Display information about current conda install.
init Initialize conda for shell interaction.
install Install a list of packages into a specified conda environment.
list List installed packages in a conda environment.
notices Retrieve latest channel notifications.
package Create low-level conda packages. (EXPERIMENTAL)
remove (uninstall) Remove a list of packages from a specified conda environment.
rename Rename an existing environment.
repoquery Advanced search for repodata.
run Run an executable in a conda environment.
search Search for packages and display associated information using the MatchSpec format.
update (upgrade) Update conda packages to the latest compatible version.
(base) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$ conda create -n jitENV
Retrieving notices: done
Channels:
- ursky
- bioconda
- conda-forge
Platform: linux-64
Collecting package metadata (repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
current version: 25.7.0
latest version: 26.5.0

Please update conda by running

$ conda update -n base -c conda-forge conda

## Package Plan ##

environment location: /home/hp/miniforge3/envs/jitENV

Proceed ([y]/n)? y

Downloading and Extracting Packages:

Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
#
# To activate this environment, use
#
# $ conda activate jitENV
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
# $ conda deactivate

(base) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$ conda activate jitENV
(jitENV) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$ conda install conda-forge::mamba
Channels:
- ursky
- bioconda
- conda-forge
Platform: linux-64
Collecting package metadata (repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
current version: 25.7.0
latest version: 26.5.0

Please update conda by running

$ conda update -n base -c conda-forge conda

## Package Plan ##

environment location: /home/hp/miniforge3/envs/jitENV

added / updated specs:
- conda-forge::mamba

The following packages will be downloaded:

package | build
---------------------------|-----------------
ca-certificates-2026.5.20 | hbd8a1cb_0 127 KB conda-forge
cpp-expected-1.3.1 | h171cf75_0 24 KB conda-forge
fmt-12.1.0 | hff5e90c_0 193 KB conda-forge
libarchive-3.8.7 | gpl_hc2c16d8_101 869 KB conda-forge
libcurl-8.20.0 | hcf29cc6_0 458 KB conda-forge
libgcc-15.2.0 | he0feb66_19 1017 KB conda-forge
libgcc-ng-15.2.0 | h69a702a_19 27 KB conda-forge
libgomp-15.2.0 | he0feb66_19 590 KB conda-forge
libmamba-2.6.2 | hd28c85e_0 2.7 MB conda-forge
libmsgpack-c-6.1.0 | h54a6638_6 39 KB conda-forge
libsolv-0.7.38 | h9463b59_0 509 KB conda-forge
libstdcxx-15.2.0 | h934c35e_19 5.6 MB conda-forge
libxml2-2.15.3 | h49c6c72_0 46 KB conda-forge
libxml2-16-2.15.3 | hca6bf5a_0 547 KB conda-forge
mamba-2.6.2 | hce6dcdd_0 553 KB conda-forge
ncurses-6.6 | hdb14827_0 897 KB conda-forge
nlohmann_json-abi-3.12.0 | h0f90c79_1 4 KB conda-forge
reproc-14.2.7.post0 | hb03c661_1 35 KB conda-forge
reproc-cpp-14.2.7.post0 | hecca717_1 26 KB conda-forge
simdjson-4.6.4 | hb700be7_0 310 KB conda-forge
spdlog-1.17.0 | hab81395_1 192 KB conda-forge
------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 14.6 MB

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

_openmp_mutex conda-forge/linux-64::_openmp_mutex-4.5-20_gnu
bzip2 conda-forge/linux-64::bzip2-1.0.8-hda65f42_9
c-ares conda-forge/linux-64::c-ares-1.34.6-hb03c661_0
ca-certificates conda-forge/noarch::ca-certificates-2026.5.20-hbd8a1cb_0
cpp-expected conda-forge/linux-64::cpp-expected-1.3.1-h171cf75_0
fmt conda-forge/linux-64::fmt-12.1.0-hff5e90c_0
icu conda-forge/linux-64::icu-78.3-h33c6efd_0
keyutils conda-forge/linux-64::keyutils-1.6.3-hb9d3cd8_0
krb5 conda-forge/linux-64::krb5-1.22.2-ha1258a1_0
libarchive conda-forge/linux-64::libarchive-3.8.7-gpl_hc2c16d8_101
libcurl conda-forge/linux-64::libcurl-8.20.0-hcf29cc6_0
libedit conda-forge/linux-64::libedit-3.1.20250104-pl5321h7949ede_0
libev conda-forge/linux-64::libev-4.33-hd590300_2
libgcc conda-forge/linux-64::libgcc-15.2.0-he0feb66_19
libgcc-ng conda-forge/linux-64::libgcc-ng-15.2.0-h69a702a_19
libgomp conda-forge/linux-64::libgomp-15.2.0-he0feb66_19
libiconv conda-forge/linux-64::libiconv-1.18-h3b78370_2
liblzma conda-forge/linux-64::liblzma-5.8.3-hb03c661_0
libmamba conda-forge/linux-64::libmamba-2.6.2-hd28c85e_0
libmsgpack-c conda-forge/linux-64::libmsgpack-c-6.1.0-h54a6638_6
libnghttp2 conda-forge/linux-64::libnghttp2-1.68.1-h877daf1_0
libsolv conda-forge/linux-64::libsolv-0.7.38-h9463b59_0
libssh2 conda-forge/linux-64::libssh2-1.11.1-hcf80075_0
libstdcxx conda-forge/linux-64::libstdcxx-15.2.0-h934c35e_19
libxml2 conda-forge/linux-64::libxml2-2.15.3-h49c6c72_0
libxml2-16 conda-forge/linux-64::libxml2-16-2.15.3-hca6bf5a_0
libzlib conda-forge/linux-64::libzlib-1.3.2-h25fd6f3_2
lz4-c conda-forge/linux-64::lz4-c-1.10.0-h5888daf_1
lzo conda-forge/linux-64::lzo-2.10-h280c20c_1002
mamba conda-forge/linux-64::mamba-2.6.2-hce6dcdd_0
ncurses conda-forge/linux-64::ncurses-6.6-hdb14827_0
nlohmann_json-abi conda-forge/noarch::nlohmann_json-abi-3.12.0-h0f90c79_1
openssl conda-forge/linux-64::openssl-3.6.2-h35e630c_0
reproc conda-forge/linux-64::reproc-14.2.7.post0-hb03c661_1
reproc-cpp conda-forge/linux-64::reproc-cpp-14.2.7.post0-hecca717_1
simdjson conda-forge/linux-64::simdjson-4.6.4-hb700be7_0
spdlog conda-forge/linux-64::spdlog-1.17.0-hab81395_1
yaml-cpp conda-forge/linux-64::yaml-cpp-0.8.0-h3f2d84a_0
zstd conda-forge/linux-64::zstd-1.5.7-hb78ec9c_6

Proceed ([y]/n)? y

Downloading and Extracting Packages:

Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
(jitENV) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$ mamba install -c jitendralab -c bioconda -c conda-forge crossroad -y
jitendralab/noarch ??.?MB @ ??.?MB/s 0.3s
jitendralab/linux-64 ??.?MB @ ??.?MB/s 0.4s
bioconda/linux-64 5.6MB @ 2.9MB/s 1.9s
bioconda/noarch 5.6MB @ 2.5MB/s 2.2s
conda-forge/noarch 26.4MB @ 6.0MB/s 4.5s
conda-forge/linux-64 53.8MB @ 6.7MB/s 8.2s

Transaction

Prefix: /home/hp/miniforge3/envs/jitENV

Updating specs:

- crossroad

Package Version Build Channel Size
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Install:
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

+ annotated-doc 0.0.4 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ annotated-types 0.7.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge Cached
+ anyio 4.13.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 147kB
+ argcomplete 3.6.3 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ aws-c-auth 0.10.3 h3aafcba_1 conda-forge 134kB
+ aws-c-cal 0.9.14 h8e43964_1 conda-forge 57kB
+ aws-c-common 0.13.1 hb03c661_0 conda-forge 242kB
+ aws-c-compression 0.3.2 h16e98cb_1 conda-forge 22kB
+ aws-c-event-stream 0.7.1 h9be7a74_1 conda-forge 59kB
+ aws-c-http 0.11.0 hcbcd92d_1 conda-forge 230kB
+ aws-c-io 0.26.3 h955231c_3 conda-forge 182kB
+ aws-c-mqtt 0.15.2 h8af55cf_3 conda-forge 222kB
+ aws-c-s3 0.12.3 h00bea6e_2 conda-forge 153kB
+ aws-c-sdkutils 0.2.4 h16e98cb_5 conda-forge 59kB
+ aws-checksums 0.2.10 h16e98cb_1 conda-forge 102kB
+ aws-crt-cpp 0.38.3 h7b0d4b4_2 conda-forge 413kB
+ aws-sdk-cpp 1.11.747 h5a171d8_5 conda-forge 4MB
+ azure-core-cpp 1.16.2 h206d751_0 conda-forge 349kB
+ azure-identity-cpp 1.13.3 hed0cdb0_1 conda-forge 251kB
+ azure-storage-blobs-cpp 12.17.0 hf824e48_1 conda-forge 587kB
+ azure-storage-common-cpp 12.13.0 ha7a2c86_0 conda-forge 159kB
+ azure-storage-files-datalake-cpp 12.15.0 h1e5b466_0 conda-forge 304kB
+ backports.zstd 1.5.0 py314h680f03e_0 conda-forge 8kB
+ bedtools 2.31.1 h13024bc_3 bioconda Cached
+ biopython 1.87 py314h5bd0f2a_0 conda-forge 3MB
+ brotli 1.2.0 hed03a55_1 conda-forge Cached
+ brotli-bin 1.2.0 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ brotli-python 1.2.0 py314h3de4e8d_1 conda-forge 367kB
+ certifi 2026.5.20 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 134kB
+ charset-normalizer 3.4.7 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ click 8.4.1 pyhc90fa1f_0 conda-forge 105kB
+ colorama 0.4.6 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge Cached
+ contourpy 1.3.3 py314h97ea11e_4 conda-forge 324kB
+ crossroad 0.3.6 pyh7e60211_0 jitendralab 2MB
+ cycler 0.12.1 pyhcf101f3_2 conda-forge Cached
+ dnspython 2.8.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ email-validator 2.3.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 47kB
+ email_validator 2.3.0 hd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 7kB
+ exceptiongroup 1.3.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ expat 2.8.1 hecca717_0 conda-forge 148kB
+ fastapi 0.136.3 h5ddb490_0 conda-forge 5kB
+ fastapi-cli 0.0.23 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 19kB
+ fastapi-core 0.136.3 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 96kB
+ fastar 0.11.0 py314h0b738fb_0 conda-forge 423kB
+ font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono 2.37 hab24e00_0 conda-forge Cached
+ font-ttf-inconsolata 3.000 h77eed37_0 conda-forge Cached
+ font-ttf-source-code-pro 2.038 h77eed37_0 conda-forge Cached
+ font-ttf-ubuntu 0.83 h77eed37_3 conda-forge Cached
+ fontconfig 2.18.0 h27c8c51_0 conda-forge 281kB
+ fonts-conda-forge 1 hc364b38_1 conda-forge Cached
+ fonttools 4.63.0 pyh7db6752_0 conda-forge 846kB
+ freetype 2.14.3 ha770c72_0 conda-forge Cached
+ gflags 2.2.2 h5888daf_1005 conda-forge 120kB
+ glog 0.7.1 hbabe93e_0 conda-forge 143kB
+ h11 0.16.0 pyhcf101f3_1 conda-forge 39kB
+ h2 4.3.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ hpack 4.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ httpcore 1.0.9 pyh29332c3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ httptools 0.7.1 py314h5bd0f2a_1 conda-forge 99kB
+ httpx 0.28.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ hyperframe 6.1.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ idna 3.17 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 57kB
+ jinja2 3.1.6 pyhcf101f3_1 conda-forge Cached
+ kaleido-core 0.2.1 h3644ca4_0 conda-forge Cached
+ kiwisolver 1.5.0 py314h97ea11e_0 conda-forge 77kB
+ lcms2 2.19.1 h0c24ade_0 conda-forge 251kB
+ ld_impl_linux-64 2.45.1 default_hbd61a6d_102 conda-forge Cached
+ lerc 4.1.0 hdb68285_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libabseil 20260107.1 cxx17_h7b12aa8_0 conda-forge 1MB
+ libarrow 24.0.0 h6f10b76_3_cpu conda-forge 7MB
+ libarrow-acero 24.0.0 h635bf11_3_cpu conda-forge 592kB
+ libarrow-compute 24.0.0 h53684a4_3_cpu conda-forge 3MB
+ libarrow-dataset 24.0.0 h635bf11_3_cpu conda-forge 592kB
+ libarrow-substrait 24.0.0 hb4dd7c2_3_cpu conda-forge 502kB
+ libblas 3.11.0 8_h4a7cf45_openblas conda-forge 19kB
+ libbrotlicommon 1.2.0 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ libbrotlidec 1.2.0 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ libbrotlienc 1.2.0 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ libcblas 3.11.0 8_h0358290_openblas conda-forge 19kB
+ libcrc32c 1.1.2 h9c3ff4c_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libdeflate 1.25 h17f619e_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libevent 2.1.12 hf998b51_1 conda-forge Cached
+ libexpat 2.8.1 hecca717_0 conda-forge 77kB
+ libffi 3.5.2 h3435931_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libfreetype 2.14.3 ha770c72_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libfreetype6 2.14.3 h73754d4_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libgfortran 15.2.0 h69a702a_19 conda-forge 28kB
+ libgfortran5 15.2.0 h68bc16d_19 conda-forge 2MB
+ libgoogle-cloud 3.5.0 h25dbb67_0 conda-forge 3MB
+ libgoogle-cloud-storage 3.5.0 hdbdcf42_0 conda-forge 780kB
+ libgrpc 1.78.1 h1d1128b_0 conda-forge 7MB
+ libjpeg-turbo 3.1.4.1 hb03c661_0 conda-forge Cached
+ liblapack 3.11.0 8_h47877c9_openblas conda-forge 19kB
+ libmpdec 4.0.0 hb03c661_1 conda-forge 92kB
+ libopenblas 0.3.33 pthreads_h94d23a6_0 conda-forge 6MB
+ libopentelemetry-cpp 1.26.0 h9692893_0 conda-forge 934kB
+ libopentelemetry-cpp-headers 1.26.0 ha770c72_0 conda-forge 396kB
+ libparquet 24.0.0 h7376487_3_cpu conda-forge 1MB
+ libpng 1.6.58 h421ea60_0 conda-forge 318kB
+ libprotobuf 6.33.5 h6eeba95_1 conda-forge 4MB
+ libre2-11 2025.11.05 h0dc7533_1 conda-forge 213kB
+ libsqlite 3.53.1 h0c1763c_0 conda-forge 955kB
+ libstdcxx-ng 15.2.0 hdf11a46_19 conda-forge 28kB
+ libthrift 0.22.0 h7d032f7_2 conda-forge 424kB
+ libtiff 4.7.1 h9d88235_1 conda-forge Cached
+ libutf8proc 2.11.3 hfe17d71_0 conda-forge 86kB
+ libuuid 2.42.1 h5347b49_0 conda-forge 40kB
+ libuv 1.52.1 h280c20c_0 conda-forge 420kB
+ libwebp-base 1.6.0 hd42ef1d_0 conda-forge Cached
+ libxcb 1.17.0 h8a09558_0 conda-forge Cached
+ markdown-it-py 4.2.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 69kB
+ markupsafe 3.0.3 py314h67df5f8_1 conda-forge 27kB
+ mathjax 2.7.7 ha770c72_3 conda-forge Cached
+ matplotlib-base 3.10.9 py314h1194b4b_0 conda-forge 9MB
+ mdurl 0.1.2 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge Cached
+ munkres 1.0.7 py_1 bioconda Cached
+ narwhals 2.21.2 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 284kB
+ nlohmann_json 3.12.0 h54a6638_1 conda-forge 136kB
+ nspr 4.38 h29cc59b_0 conda-forge Cached
+ nss 3.118 h445c969_0 conda-forge Cached
+ numpy 2.4.6 py314h2b28147_0 conda-forge 9MB
+ openjpeg 2.5.4 h55fea9a_0 conda-forge Cached
+ orc 2.3.0 h21090e2_0 conda-forge 1MB
+ packaging 26.2 pyhc364b38_0 conda-forge 92kB
+ pandas 3.0.3 py314hb4ffadd_0 conda-forge 15MB
+ perf_ssr 0.4.8 py_0 jitendralab 720kB
+ pillow 12.2.0 py314h8ec4b1a_0 conda-forge 1MB
+ pip 26.1.1 pyh145f28c_0 conda-forge 1MB
+ plotly 6.6.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ plotly-upset-hd 0.0.2 py_0 jitendralab 356kB
+ prometheus-cpp 1.3.0 ha5d0236_0 conda-forge 200kB
+ pthread-stubs 0.4 hb9d3cd8_1002 conda-forge Cached
+ pyarrow 24.0.0 py314hdafbbf9_0 conda-forge 27kB
+ pyarrow-core 24.0.0 py314h969be7f_0_cpu conda-forge 5MB
+ pydantic 2.13.4 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 347kB
+ pydantic-core 2.46.4 py314h2e6c369_0 conda-forge 2MB
+ pydantic-extra-types 2.11.2 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 74kB
+ pydantic-settings 2.14.1 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 52kB
+ pygments 2.20.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ pyparsing 3.3.2 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ pysocks 1.7.1 pyha55dd90_7 conda-forge Cached
+ python 3.14.5 habeac84_100_cp314 conda-forge 37MB
+ python-dateutil 2.9.0.post0 pyhe01879c_2 conda-forge Cached
+ python-dotenv 1.2.2 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ python-kaleido 0.2.1 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge Cached
+ python-multipart 0.0.29 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 38kB
+ python_abi 3.14 8_cp314 conda-forge 7kB
+ pyyaml 6.0.3 py314h67df5f8_1 conda-forge 202kB
+ qhull 2020.2 h434a139_5 conda-forge Cached
+ re2 2025.11.05 h5301d42_1 conda-forge 27kB
+ readline 8.3 h853b02a_0 conda-forge Cached
+ requests 2.34.2 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 69kB
+ rich 15.0.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ rich-argparse 1.8.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 27kB
+ rich-click 1.9.8 pyh8f84b5b_0 conda-forge 64kB
+ rich-toolkit 0.19.10 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 33kB
+ s2n 1.7.3 hc5a330e_0 conda-forge 388kB
+ seqkit 2.13.0 he881be0_0 bioconda Cached
+ seqtk 1.5 h577a1d6_1 bioconda 142kB
+ shellingham 1.5.4 pyhd8ed1ab_2 conda-forge Cached
+ six 1.17.0 pyhe01879c_1 conda-forge Cached
+ snappy 1.2.2 h03e3b7b_1 conda-forge Cached
+ sniffio 1.3.1 pyhd8ed1ab_2 conda-forge Cached
+ sqlite 3.53.1 hbc0de68_0 conda-forge 205kB
+ starlette 1.1.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 64kB
+ tk 8.6.13 noxft_h366c992_103 conda-forge Cached
+ tomli 2.4.1 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 22kB
+ tqdm 4.67.3 pyh8f84b5b_0 conda-forge Cached
+ typer 0.26.3 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge 184kB
+ typing-extensions 4.15.0 h396c80c_0 conda-forge Cached
+ typing-inspection 0.4.2 pyhcf101f3_2 conda-forge 21kB
+ typing_extensions 4.15.0 pyhcf101f3_0 conda-forge Cached
+ tzdata 2025c hc9c84f9_1 conda-forge Cached
+ unicodedata2 17.0.1 py314h5bd0f2a_0 conda-forge 410kB
+ upsetplot 0.9.0 pyhd8ed1ab_1 conda-forge 28kB
+ urllib3 2.7.0 pyhd8ed1ab_0 conda-forge 104kB
+ uvicorn 0.48.0 pyhc90fa1f_0 conda-forge 56kB
+ uvicorn-standard 0.48.0 he364bde_0 conda-forge 4kB
+ uvloop 0.22.1 py314h5bd0f2a_1 conda-forge 593kB
+ watchfiles 1.2.0 py314ha5689aa_0 conda-forge 416kB
+ websockets 16.0 py314h0f05182_1 conda-forge 383kB
+ xorg-libxau 1.0.12 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ xorg-libxdmcp 1.1.5 hb03c661_1 conda-forge Cached
+ yaml 0.2.5 h280c20c_3 conda-forge Cached
+ zlib 1.3.2 h25fd6f3_2 conda-forge Cached
+ zlib-ng 2.3.3 hceb46e0_1 conda-forge Cached

Summary:

Install: 186 packages

Total download: 142MB

─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

Transaction starting
libgrpc 7.0MB @ 2.3MB/s 3.0s
numpy 8.9MB @ 2.3MB/s 3.8s
matplotlib-base 8.5MB @ 2.0MB/s 4.2s
libarrow 6.5MB @ 2.3MB/s 2.8s
pandas 15.3MB @ 2.5MB/s 6.2s
libopenblas 5.9MB @ 2.3MB/s 2.5s
pyarrow-core 4.8MB @ 1.6MB/s 3.0s
libprotobuf 3.7MB @ 2.4MB/s 1.6s
aws-sdk-cpp 3.6MB @ 3.1MB/s 1.2s
biopython 3.4MB @ 2.0MB/s 1.7s
libgfortran5 2.5MB @ 2.6MB/s 1.0s
libgoogle-cloud 2.6MB @ 2.4MB/s 1.1s
pydantic-core 1.9MB @ 2.7MB/s 0.7s
libarrow-compute 3.0MB @ 1.9MB/s 1.6s
orc 1.5MB @ 2.8MB/s 0.5s
libparquet 1.4MB @ 3.1MB/s 0.5s
pip 1.2MB @ 2.9MB/s 0.4s
libabseil 1.4MB @ 2.2MB/s 0.6s
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Transaction finished

(jitENV) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$ crossroad -h

Usage: crossroad [OPTIONS]

Run the main croSSRoad analysis pipeline, or manage jobs.

╭─ Options ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --version -v Show version, logo, citation, and links. │
│ --install-completion Install completion for the current shell. │
│ --show-completion Show completion for the current shell, to copy it or customize the installation. │
│ --help -h Show this message and exit. │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ Mode Selection ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --api -a Run the Crossroad web API server. │
│ --slurm -s Submit the analysis job to a Slurm cluster. │
│ --job-status JOB_ID Query the status of a specific job ID. │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ Input Files (provide --input-dir OR --fasta) ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --input-dir -i PATH Directory containing: `all_genome.fa`, ``, ``. Exclusive with `--fasta`. │
│ --fasta -fa PATH Input FASTA file (e.g., `all_genome.fa`). Alternative to `--input-dir`. │
│ --categories -c PATH Genome categories TSV file. Optional if using `--fasta`. Ignored if `--input-dir` is used (looks for `genome_categories.tsv` inside). │
│ --gene-bed -b PATH Gene BED file for SSR-gene analysis. Optional. If `--input-dir` is used, looks for `gene.bed` inside. │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ Analysis Parameters ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --reference-id -ref TEXT Reference genome ID for comparative analysis. Optional parameter for reference-based comparisons. │
│ --output-dir -o DIRECTORY Base output directory for jobs. Overrides CROSSROAD_JOB_DIR env var. │
│ --flanks -f Process flanking regions. │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ PERF SSR Detection Parameters ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --mono INTEGER Mononucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 12] │
│ --di INTEGER Dinucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 6] │
│ --tri INTEGER Trinucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 4] │
│ --tetra INTEGER Tetranucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 3] │
│ --penta INTEGER Pentanucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 3] │
│ --hexa INTEGER Hexanucleotide repeat threshold. [default: 2] │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ Filtering Parameters ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --min-len -l INTEGER Minimum genome length for filtering. [default: 1000] │
│ --max-len -L INTEGER Maximum genome length for filtering. [default: 10000000] │
│ --unfair -u INTEGER Maximum number of N's allowed per genome for Crossroad analysis. [default: 0] │
│ --repeat-threshold -rc INTEGER Repeat count Threshold for hotspot filtering (keeps records > this value). [default: 1] │
│ --genome-threshold -g INTEGER Genome count Threshold for hotspot filtering (keeps records > this value). [default: 2] │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
╭─ Performance & Output ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ --threads -t INTEGER Number of threads for Crossroad analysis. [default: 50] │
│ --plots -p Enable plot generation. │
│ --intrim-dir TEXT Name for the intermediate files directory (within the main job output dir). [default: intrim] │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯

(jitENV) hp@hp-HP-Z2-Tower-G9-Workstation-Desktop-PC:~/jitendraTEST$

Population genetics: A concise guide. John Gillespie.The Johns Hopkins University Press (1997)•

Population genetics. J. S. Gale. Wiley (1980)•

Evolutionary genetics. John Maynard-Smith. Oxford University Press (1998)•

The growth of biological thought. Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press (1985)•

Guns, germs and steel. Jared Diamond. W. W. Norton (2007)•

Evolutionary theory: Mathematical and conceptual foundations. Sean Rice. Oxford University Press (2004)

Why Bioinformatics Matters More Than Ever

Every day, our world generates massive amounts of biological data—from genome sequences to microbiome profiles to real-time pathogen surveillance. Hidden within these datasets are the answers to some of the greatest challenges humanity faces: emerging diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental stress, genetic disorders, sustainable agriculture, and more.

Bioinformatics isn’t just a skill.
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When your script throws a cryptic error…
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Every error teaches you. Every retry strengthens you. Every breakthrough energizes you.

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It’s the mindset of:

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As you work on your script, pipeline, genome, or model, remember:

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Your code may be small, but its ripple effect is powerful.

The Future Is Bioinformatics—And You Are Part of It

The world is shifting. Wet labs are integrating AI. Hospitals rely on genomic insights. Farmers use gene-level predictions. Governments monitor disease in real time. Students launch pipelines that become global tools.

This is a golden era—and you are not late.
You are exactly where you need to be.

Keep Pushing. Keep Learning. Keep Discovering.

Bioinformatics is a journey filled with challenges, but also with unmatched rewards.

So the next time you feel stuck, frustrated, or overwhelmed, remember:
You’re building the science of tomorrow.

Be proud. Stay curious. Keep going.
Your work matters more than you think.

In an age where pathogens continue to evolve and cross boundaries, understanding what makes them virulent—that is, capable of causing disease—has become a critical focus in modern microbiology and genomics. Virulence prediction bridges computational biology, genomics, and machine learning to forecast the pathogenic potential of microbes before they strike.

What Is Virulence?

Virulence refers to the degree of damage a pathogen can inflict on its host. It is determined by a combination of genetic factors—called virulence factors (VFs)—that allow the organism to attach, invade, evade, and harm the host. These include genes coding for toxins, secretion systems, adhesins, and enzymes that disrupt host defenses.

Understanding virulence factors not only helps in deciphering the mechanisms of infection but also provides early warning signs for emerging threats.

Why Predict Virulence?

Traditional virulence studies relied heavily on experimental infection models, which, although accurate, are time-consuming, expensive, and ethically constrained.
Today, the availability of whole-genome sequences and large-scale pathogen databases has paved the way for in silico virulence prediction—a computational approach that can screen thousands of genomes within hours.

This approach enables researchers to:

• Rapidly identify potential high-risk strains.

• Prioritize pathogens for containment, surveillance, or further study.

• Guide vaccine development and drug target discovery.

• Support One Health frameworks, linking animal, human, and environmental health data.

How Is Virulence Predicted?

Virulence prediction combines bioinformatics pipelines with machine learning and comparative genomics. The process generally involves:

1. Genome Annotation: Identifying genes and coding sequences in microbial genomes.

2. Feature Extraction: Comparing sequences with curated databases like VFDB (Virulence Factor Database), PATRIC, or Victors.

3. Pattern Recognition: Using algorithms (e.g., Random Forest, SVM, or deep learning models) to classify genes or strains as virulent or non-virulent based on sequence patterns, motifs, and protein domains.

4. Scoring and Visualization: Assigning a virulence score or confidence level and visualizing it through heatmaps or genome maps.

Tools and Resources for Virulence Prediction

A number of tools and databases make virulence prediction accessible to the scientific community:

• VFanalyzer – For identifying virulence genes based on VFDB.

• PathoFact – Predicts virulence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and toxin genes from metagenomic data.

• Pangenome-based models – Identify virulence-associated gene clusters across strains.

• Machine learning models – Use features like GC content, codon usage bias, or protein domains to predict pathogenicity.

Emerging tools now integrate multi-omic data—including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—to understand virulence in a systems biology framework.

Applications in the Real World

Virulence prediction has major implications across public health and research sectors:

• Epidemic preparedness: Early identification of virulent strains in outbreak samples.

• AMR surveillance: Linking virulence profiles with antibiotic resistance determinants.

• Environmental monitoring: Predicting pathogenic potential of soil or waterborne microbes.

• Clinical diagnostics: Supporting personalized treatment through pathogen profiling.

For instance, integrating virulence prediction pipelines into national surveillance networks could enable faster risk assessment and response to infectious outbreaks.

The Road Ahead

As machine learning and genomics advance, virulence prediction will evolve from simple gene-based detection to dynamic, context-aware models that account for host–pathogen interactions, environmental signals, and evolutionary adaptation.

Future tools may predict not just if a strain is virulent, but under what conditions it expresses that virulence—bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype.

In Summary

Virulence prediction is redefining how we understand and anticipate infectious diseases. By coupling genomic insights with computational intelligence, researchers can identify potential threats earlier, design smarter interventions, and ultimately, strengthen our preparedness against emerging pathogens.

Yet, for many students, biologists, and even computer scientists, the question is: “Where do I begin?” With so many platforms, books, and tutorials available, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed.

To make it easier, I’ve compiled 10 excellent resources — ranging from beginner-friendly introductions to advanced computational genomics courses. Many of these are freely available, created by pioneers in the field, and widely used in classrooms and research labs worldwide.

Whether you are a complete beginner or looking to strengthen your foundations, these courses will help you build the skills needed to analyze biological data, design workflows, and think computationally about complex biological systems.

1. HarvardX Data Analysis for Genomics by Rafael Irizarry

From the almighty Rafa, this set of online courses (via edX/HarvardX) is a classic starting point for genomic data science and bioinformatics.

2. Applied Computational Genomics – Aaron Quinlan

Aaron Quinlan (creator of bedtools and many other tools) has made his course materials open. A practical, tool-driven genomics introduction.

3. Bioinformatics Algorithms (Coursera + Companion Book)

Find the highly visual video classes on Coursera, backed by the popular Bioinformatics Algorithms book.

4. The Biostar Handbook

Not a course per se, but a hands-on manual by Istvan (founder of Biostars.org) that’s even used in classes at Penn State.

5. Introduction to Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (by Shirley Liu)

A comprehensive introduction from Shirley Liu’s lab (Harvard DFCI). Covers both theory and computational practice.

6. Data Carpentry: Genomics Workshops

Community-driven training workshops that focus on practical, reproducible research. I was honored to serve as curriculum committee chair here.

7. Computational Genomics: Applied Comparative Genomics

From the Schatz Lab — applied comparative genomics with real-world data.

8. Introduction to Computational Biology (Mike Love, creator of DESeq2)

This course bridges statistics, biology, and computation — a solid primer for anyone entering computational biology.

9. MIT Computational Biology (6.047 / 6.878 / HST.507) by Manolis Kellis

Covers genomes, networks, evolution, and health. A deep-dive from MIT’s OpenCourseWare archive.

10. An Introduction to Applied Bioinformatics

An interactive textbook with Python code, designed for practical applied bioinformatics learning.

Bioinformatics is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. As data volumes increase, as well as the diversity of data types (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, imaging, single‑cell data, etc.), the need for robust computational methods, rigorous models, and reproducible tools has never been greater.

A key decision for researchers is: Where should I publish my work? The choice of journal impacts visibility, peer recognition, and long‑term influence of your research. Below I provide a guide to leading journals in bioinformatics, criteria for selecting the journal that best fits your work, and why these considerations matter.

Leading Journals in Bioinformatics

Criteria to Use When Choosing a Journal

• Scope & Audience
• Impact & Visibility
• Review Time & Speed
• Open Access
• Cost / APCs
• Reputation vs Practical Fit
• Reproducibility, Data & Code Sharing Policies
• Indexing & Reach
• Quality of the field
• Accelerating discovery
• Fair access
• Credibility & trust
• Read recent papers in the journal
• Tailor the manuscript
• Check the author guidelines
• Have backup journals ready
• More emphasis on machine learning / AI
• Single‑cell, spatial omics, multimodal data
• Cloud workflows, reproducible pipelines
• Preprints / open peer review
• Alternative metrics (software use, downloads, community adoption)

Selecting where to publish in bioinformatics isn’t just about prestige; it’s about reaching the right audience, ensuring your work is usable, and contributing to the field responsibly.

1️⃣ Data Analysis for the Life Sciences
A fantastic starting point to learn statistics, R programming, and exploratory data analysis in the context of biology. The best part? It’s available free online from HarvardX.

2️⃣ Practical Computing for Biologists
The very first book I picked up when I started learning computational biology. It’s beginner-friendly and focuses on essential computing skills every biologist needs.

3️⃣ A Primer for Computational Biology
An open-access, hands-on introduction to computational biology concepts and coding techniques. Perfect if you want to learn through real examples.

4️⃣ Computational Genomics with R
For those who already know R and want to dive deeper into genome-scale data analysis, from sequence alignment to gene expression.

5️⃣ The Biologist’s Guide to Computing
Bridges the gap between biological problems and computational thinking, making it easier for life scientists to approach programming and data analysis.

6️⃣ Bioinformatics Data Skills
A must-read to sharpen your bioinformatics toolkit — from command-line skills to reproducible research workflows. Ideal once you’ve covered the basics.

7️⃣ Bioinformatics Workbook
A practical tutorial series to help scientists design bioinformatics projects, analyze data, and understand best practices.

8️⃣ Modern Statistics for Modern Biology
An essential guide to modern statistical methods applied to biology, blending theory with hands-on examples in R.

9️⃣ Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences by Dan Gusfield
A classic reference for anyone wanting to understand the algorithms behind sequence alignment, genome assembly, and biological data structures.

What are SNPs?
SNPs (pronounced "snips") are positions in the genome where individuals differ by a single nucleotide. For example:

Reference: ...A T G C A T G A...
Variant:     ...A T G T A T G A...

Here, the C in the reference genome has been replaced by a T in the variant.

SNPs occur roughly every 300–1,000 bases in the human genome, meaning there are millions of them scattered throughout our DNA. Most SNPs have no effect on health, but some are linked to disease susceptibility, drug response, and other traits.

Why Do We Analyze SNPs?
1. Medical Genetics

Identify disease-associated variants (e.g., BRCA1/2 in breast cancer).

Predict drug response (pharmacogenomics).

Enable precision medicine by tailoring treatments.

2. Population Genetics & Ancestry

Trace human migration and ancestry.

Study genetic diversity within and between populations.

3. Agriculture & Animal Breeding

Select for desirable traits (drought resistance, yield, disease resistance).

Improve breeding efficiency in livestock.

4. Evolutionary Biology

Track natural selection.

Study adaptation in wild populations.

How is SNP Analysis Performed?
SNP analysis can be broadly divided into three steps:

SNP Detection
Genotyping arrays: Chips that test hundreds of thousands of known SNP positions simultaneously. Fast and affordable, widely used in consumer ancestry testing.

Whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing: Can detect known and novel SNPs across the genome.

Targeted sequencing or PCR: For focused analysis of specific regions.

Variant Calling
Sequencing data is aligned to a reference genome. Bioinformatics tools (e.g., GATK, bcftools) identify positions where the sequenced sample differs from the reference.

Annotation and Interpretation
Tools (e.g., SnpEff, VEP) predict the functional impact of SNPs.

Are the SNPs in coding regions? Do they cause amino acid changes? Are they known to be pathogenic?

Databases like dbSNP, ClinVar, and GWAS Catalog provide information on known associations.

Common Tools for SNP Analysis
Alignment: BWA, Bowtie2

Variant Calling: GATK, FreeBayes

Visualization: IGV, UCSC Genome Browser

Annotation: SnpEff, VEP

Statistical Analysis: PLINK, SNPTEST

Challenges in SNP Analysis
False positives/negatives: Sequencing errors, alignment issues.

Population stratification: Confounding in association studies.

Interpretation: Many SNPs have unknown or complex effects.

Researchers address these with rigorous quality control, large datasets, and increasingly sophisticated statistical models.

The Future of SNP Analysis
With advances in sequencing technology and AI-driven analysis, SNP studies are expanding:

Polygenic risk scores predict disease risk based on thousands of SNPs.

Large-scale biobanks (e.g., UK Biobank, All of Us) enable powerful genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

CRISPR and functional assays help validate SNP effects in the lab.

SNP analysis is at the heart of the genomic revolution, promising insights into biology, health, and evolution at unprecedented scale.

Conclusion
From diagnosing rare diseases to designing better crops, SNP analysis is a foundational tool in modern science. As our ability to sequence and interpret genomes improves, so will our understanding of these tiny—but mighty—variations in DNA.

1. What is a P-Value?
Definition: The p-value is the probability of observing a result at least as extreme as the one you got, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Low p-value (e.g., p < 0.05) → evidence against the null hypothesis.

High p-value → no strong evidence against the null.

Key idea: It tells you how surprising your data is if there’s really no effect.

2. The Multiple Testing Problem
In bioinformatics, genomics, or any large-scale study, you test thousands of hypotheses (e.g., thousands of genes). Even if there’s no real signal, some tests will have p < 0.05 just by chance.

Example:

Testing 10,000 genes

Even if all null, expect ~500 genes with p < 0.05 by chance

This is why we need multiple testing correction.

3. What is FDR (False Discovery Rate)?
Definition: FDR is the expected proportion of false positives among the results you declare significant.

Unlike the family-wise error rate (FWER), which controls for even a single false positive, FDR lets you tolerate some false discoveries to gain power.

Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure is the most popular method to control FDR.

4. What is a q-value (or q-score)?
Definition: The q-value of a test is the minimum FDR at which that test would be called significant.

A p-value tells you how surprising your result is.

A q-value tells you how many of your significant results might be false positives if you call this result significant.

You can think of the q-value as the FDR-adjusted p-value.

5. Example: Step-by-Step
Let’s work through an example with 10 tests.

Test Raw p-value
1 0.001
2 0.004
3 0.010
4 0.020
5 0.030
6 0.040
7 0.050
8 0.060
9 0.070
10 0.080

Goal: Control FDR at 5%.

Step 1: Rank p-values
Rank from lowest to highest:

Rank p-value
1 0.001
2 0.004
3 0.010
4 0.020
5 0.030
6 0.040
7 0.050
8 0.060
9 0.070
10 0.080

Step 2: Apply Benjamini–Hochberg threshold
For each rank i, compute:

BH critical value =i/m*q
BH critical value=m/i*Q
m = 10 tests
Q = 0.05

Rank p-value BH critical value
1 0.001 0.005
2 0.004 0.010
3 0.010 0.015
4 0.020 0.020
5 0.030 0.025
6 0.040 0.030
7 0.050 0.035
8 0.060 0.040
9 0.070 0.045
10 0.080 0.050

Find the largest p-value ≤ its critical value:

p(4) = 0.020 ≤ 0.020 (T)

p(5) = 0.030 > 0.025 (F)

Result: We can declare the top 4 tests significant at FDR 5%.

Step 3: Computing q-values (conceptually)
The q-value for each p-value is roughly the minimum FDR at which it would be significant. Specialized software (e.g., R’s qvalue package) can estimate them.

In our example:

Tests 1–4 would have q-values ≤ 0.05

Tests 5–10 would have q-values > 0.05

The q-value gives you an adjusted p-value that accounts for multiple testing.

6. In Bioinformatics Workflows
You see these all the time:

RNA-seq differential expression → Report p-values, FDR/q-values

ChIP-seq peak calling

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

Proteomics, metabolomics

Always check if results are corrected for multiple testing. Reporting raw p-values alone can be misleading.

Summary
Term Meaning Interpretation
p-value Probability under null Small p → evidence against null
FDR False Discovery Rate Expected proportion of false positives among calls
q-value FDR-adjusted p-value Minimum FDR threshold where result is significant

Final Tip
Always correct for multiple testing! Otherwise, your beautiful "significant" results might just be noise.

So, What Is Data Science?
At its core, data science is the interdisciplinary field that extracts knowledge and insights from data using programming, statistics, and domain expertise. In bioinformatics, data science enables us to turn gigabytes of sequence data into biological meaning.

Imagine trying to understand gene regulation in cancer by analyzing thousands of RNA-seq samples, or predicting antibiotic resistance from bacterial genomes—these challenges are not solvable through wet lab experiments alone. They require data-driven thinking.

Data Science Meets Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is inherently a data science domain. From genomics to systems biology, every field in modern biology relies on data science techniques to:

Clean and process massive datasets

Discover patterns in high-dimensional data

Build predictive models (e.g., for disease classification)

Visualize complex biological networks and trends

Integrate diverse data types (e.g., transcriptomic + epigenomic data)

The Bioinformatics Toolkit
Here’s what data science typically looks like in bioinformatics:

Task Data Science Role
Sequence alignment Efficient algorithms, indexing, parallel processing
Gene expression analysis Statistical modeling (e.g., DESeq2, limma)
Variant calling Data filtering, probabilistic models
Clustering of cells in single-cell data Unsupervised learning
Protein structure prediction Deep learning models (e.g., AlphaFold)
Metagenomics Data integration, classification, dimensionality reduction

Common tools include Python, R, Bioconductor, scikit-learn, Pandas, Seurat, and TensorFlow—often working together in reproducible workflows.

It's Not Just About Coding
A common misconception is that bioinformatics is just programming or scripting. But being a data scientist in bioinformatics also means:

Understanding experimental design

Asking biologically meaningful questions

Choosing the right statistical or machine learning models

Communicating findings effectively (e.g., plots, dashboards, papers)

In other words, data science in bioinformatics is where biology, statistics, and computer science converge.

Why It Matters
The real power of data science in bioinformatics is its ability to scale discovery.

Instead of studying one gene, we can study thousands.

Instead of analyzing one species, we can explore entire ecosystems.

Instead of waiting months for lab results, we can generate hypotheses in days.

From personalized medicine and cancer diagnostics to agricultural genomics and pandemic surveillance, data science is at the heart of the bioinformatics revolution.

Final Thoughts
If you’re a biologist who’s curious about code, or a data enthusiast fascinated by life sciences, bioinformatics is your playground—and data science is your toolkit.

In bioinformatics, data science isn’t just useful. It’s essential.