List of analysis tools developed for Oxford Nanopore data

BWA
Fast nanopore data tuned alignment tool
https://github.com/lh3/bwa

GraphMap
Mapper for long and error-prone reads
https://github.com/isovic/graphmap

LAST
Nanopore tuned alignment tool
http://last.cbrc.jp/

LINKS
Software tool for long read scaffolding
https://github.com/warrenlr/LINKS/

marginAlign
Tools to align nanopore reads to a reference
https://github.com/benedictpaten/marginAlign

minoTour
Real time analysis tools
http://minotour.nottingham.ac.uk/

nanoCORR
Error-correction tool for nanopore sequence data
https://github.com/jgurtowski/nanocorr

NanoOK
Software for nanopore data, quality and error profiles
https://documentation.tgac.ac.uk/display/NANOOK/NanoOK

Nanopolish
Nanopore analysis and genome assembly software
https://github.com/jts/nanopolish

nanopore
Variant-detection tool for nanopore sequence data
https://github.com/mitenjain/nanopore

Nanocorrect
Error-correction tool for nanopore sequence data
https://github.com/jts/nanocorrect/

npReader
Real-time conversion and analysis of nanopore reads
https://github.com/mdcao/npReader

poRe
Tool for analyzing and visualizing nanopore data
https://sourceforge.net/p/rpore/wiki/Home/

PoreSeq
Error-correction and variant-calling software
https://github.com/tszalay/poreseq

Poretools
Nanopore sequence analysis and visualization software
https://github.com/arq5x/poretools

SSPACE-LongRead
Genome scaffolding tool
http://www.baseclear.com/genomics/bioinformatics/basetools/SSPACE-longread

SMIS
Genome scaffolding tool
https://sourceforge.net/projects/phusion2/files/smis/

List of assemblers for Oxford Nanopore MinION long reads

LQS
DALIGNER, Celera OLC Nanocorrect,
Nanopolish corrector
https://github.com/jts/nanopolish

PBcR
HGAP or BLASR, Celera OLC
PBcR corrector
http://wgs-assembler.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/PBcR
–
Canu
MHAP, Celera OLC
Canu corrector
https://github.com/marbl/canu

Falcon
String graph, Celera OLC
Falcon corrector
https://github.com/PacificBiosciences/falcon

Miniasm
OLC
https://github.com/lh3/miniasm

ra-integrate
OLC
https://github.com/mariokostelac/ra-integrate/

ALLPATHS-LG
de Bruijn graph
ALLPATHS-L corrector
https://www.broadinstitute.org/software/allpaths-lg/blog/?page_id=12

SPAdes
de Bruijn graph
SPAdes corrector
http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades

CGHub
https://cghub.ucsc.edu/
Comprehensive data repository; huge data size

EGA
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega/
Comprehensive data repository; huge data size

COSMIC
http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk
Largest somatic mutation database; genome sequencing paper curation

CPRG
http://www.broadinstitute.org/software/cprg
Interface for cancer program resources

GDAC
http://gdac.broadinstitute.org/
Data analysis; automatic pipelines; user-friendly reports

SNP500Cancer
http://snp500cancer.nci.nih.gov
Sequence and genotype verification of SNPs

canEvolve
www.canevolve.org/
Comprehensive analysis of tumor profile; Data from 90 studies involving more than 10,000 patients

MethyCancer
http://methycancer.psych.ac.cn
Relationship among DNA methylation, gene expression and cancer

SomamiR
http://compbio.uthsc.edu/SomamiR/
Correlation between somatic mutation and microRNA; genome-wide displaying

cBioPortal
http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/
Graphical summaries; gene alteration; processed data; visualization

UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser
https://genome-cancer.soe.ucsc.edu/
Clinical information; gene expression; copy number variation; visualization

CGWB
https://cgwb.nci.nih.gov/
Visualization; gene mutation and variation; automated analysis pipeline

GDSC
http://www.cancerrxgene.org
Drug sensitivity information; drug response information

canSAR
https://cansar.icr.ac.uk/
Multidisciplinary information; drug discovery

NONCODE
http://www.noncode.org/ ncRNAs;
lncRNAs; up-to-date and comprehensive resource

Install latest Perl (with supporting multithreading) and CPANMinus.

 $ cd
 $ git clone git://github.com/tokuhirom/plenv.git ~/.plenv
 $ git clone git://github.com/tokuhirom/Perl-Build.git ~/.plenv/plugins/perl-build/
 $ echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.plenv/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
 $ echo 'eval "$(plenv init -)"' >> ~/.bashrc
 $ source ~/.bashrc
 $ plenv install 5.18.1 -Dusethreads
 $ plenv rehash
 $ plenv global 5.18.1
 $ plenv install-cpanm

• git is a distributed revision control and source code management software which can help you to download files from GitHub server.
• echo means "print".
• >> means adding the output into the end of the file, while > means adding the output by overwriting the whole file. Please use> with additional cares.
• In Linux system, there are two types of outputs when you execute a command. One is called standard output (or sometimes STDOUT for short), and the other is a standard error (STDERR). 1> is for STDOUT only, 2> is for STDERR only, and &>means for both. In default > is the same to 1>.
• exec is execution.
• Remember to install Perl in supporting multithreading (with option -Dusethreads), which is important for many NGS analysis packages (e.g. Trinity). In this setting, you can use multiple CPU for Perl software.
• Install the CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) manager software, CPANMinus, by install-cpanm.

You can use plenv global and plenv local to change the different version of Perl to fulfil different needs of your Perl software.

For example, if the specific version of Perl is not compatible with your script, you can switch to the different version by:

 $ plenv local 

• It is similar to set the local version of your script language when you use pyenv and rbenv as the following.

Put the following path into ~/.bashrc file.

export PERL5LIB="$HOME/.plenv/build/perl-5.18.1/lib"

Install BioPerl and PerlIO::gzip

CPANMinus is a very good Perl module manager, use cpanm to install BioPerl can save you a lot of time. Here are some useful modules:

$ cpanm Bio::Perl
$ cpanm Bio::SearchIO
$ cpanm PerlIO::gzip

For more information, please visit: https://github.com/tokuhirom/plenv

Usually when you apply anywhere you need to fulfill some specific kind of requirements which usually include writing a formal application, letter of motivation, research proposal etc. Usually it is hard for grad students to write a crisp, clean and clear letter of motivation. To be honest, you may find several posts on the internet which do tell you how to write professionally. They are good enough to clearly tell you what points should be included, what not and many other things to learn about professional writing. Still, when I look back at my graduation days, I know even after reading many instructions I was not able to write ‘to-the-point’. According to me , writing skill is not something that you can part in binary like- ‘I write perfectly’ or ‘I can not write even a word’. It is something that you learn and get better with the the time. So, I am not going to pin-point the suggestions because you can get it many where but some ‘to-the-point’ things which you may use directly in your letter.

Ideas and main points

Start with writing down some of the main ideas, important points you would like to approach in your letter and later build around them, enrich their content; an example would be :

1. Make your goal clear; provide a short preview of the rest of the letter;
2. Why do you think that the university and the Master's program are interesting and suitable for you? ;
3. Focus on some of your strongest qualifications, past experiences (international experiences are always relevant) and qualities; organise the middle paragraphs in terms of the qualifications most relevant to the programme, you can also refer to your CV for more details;
4. Conclude by restating your interest and show appreciation for the chance to prove yourself in the letter (in some cases you can ask for a personal interview)

How to start-
Your very first line should not be just a line but an impression and reference. None would want to read you unless he knows what it is about. Just like this post. If I would not have written that it is about writing a motivation-letter, you probably would not get annoyed. So start by writing what your letter is about. It could seem like this-

Letter Of Application

Your Address And Contact Details

Receiver’s Address

Dear XYZ

I would like to apply for the…..

or

I am writing here to apply for the…

or

This is regarding your advert. published….

Then Tell Background like-
As my resume reveals, I have Bachelor`s degree from XYZ University and currently, I am…..

Be sure to signify your institution/University like-
I am privileged to obtain my postgraduate education in Bioinformatics at XXX which is known for its enriching academic ambiance where learning and research complement each other.

Then tell about your professional experience like-
Being taught by eminent faculty, I have developed a big interest and passion towards Bioinformatics and managed to have a strong foundation in ……

After that tell how this position would help you, like-
The opportunity to participate in this study would foster….

Assure them that you will make use of whatever you learn there, like-
I plan to ensure the further dissemination of the knowledge and experience gained by this opportunity in…

Close the letter with usual formality, like-
I, hereby enclose a copy of my CV/Resume (whatever it is, there is a difference we all know it) with the hope of consideration. Looking forward to hearing from you.

All the things written above is just my view. You still should see and learn which can be done by one thing and that is -reading about it. Then , please try to write yourself, do not copy /paste. Whatever is written in the post is just to have an idea about the things that should be included in the letter of motivation. You need to write accordingly with a wise choice of words.
Hope this was helpful. You may comment or ask anything if you want to.

Following are the genome assembly tools based on string graph:

1.SGA (String Graph Assembler) https://github.com/jts/sga

Assembles large genomes from high coverage short read data. SGA is designed as a modular set of programs, which are used to form an assembly pipeline. SGA implements a set of assembly algorithms based on the FM-index. As the FM-index is a compressed data structure, the algorithms are very memory efficient. The SGA assembly has three distinct phases. The first phase corrects base calling errors in the reads. The second phase assembles contigs from the corrected reads. The third phase uses paired end and/or mate pair data to build scaffolds from the contigs. The output of this software is a PDF report that allows the properties of the genome and data quality to be visually explored. By providing more information to the user at the start of an assembly project, this software will help increase awareness of the factors that make a given assembly easy or difficult, assist in the selection of software and parameters and help to troubleshoot an assembly if it runs into problems.

2. SAGE: String-overlap Assembly of GEnomes https://github.com/lucian-ilie/SAGE2

SAGE, for de novo genome assembly. As opposed to most assemblers, which are de Bruijn graph based, SAGE uses the string-overlap graph. SAGE builds upon great existing work on string-overlap graph and maximum likelihood assembly, bringing an important number of new ideas, such as the efficient computation of the transitive reduction of the string overlap graph, the use of (generalized) edge multiplicity statistics for more accurate estimation of read copy counts, and the improved use of mate pairs and min-cost flow for supporting edge merging. The assemblies produced by SAGE for several short and medium-size genomes compared favourably with those of existing leading assemblers.

3. FSG: Fast String Graph

The new integrated assembler has been assessed on a standard benchmark, showing that fast string graph (FSG) is significantly faster than SGA while maintaining a moderate use of main memory, and showing practical advantages in running FSG on multiple threads. Moreover, we have studied the effect of coverage rates on the running times.

4.  BASE https://github.com/dhlbh/BASE

It enhances the classic seed-extension approach by indexing the reads efficiently to generate adaptive seeds that have high probability to appear uniquely in the genome. Such seeds form the basis for BASE to build extension trees and then to use reverse validation to remove the branches based on read coverage and paired-end information, resulting in high-quality consensus sequences of reads sharing the seeds. Such consensus sequences are then extended to contigs. BASE is a practically efficient tool for constructing contig, with significant improvement in quality for long NGS reads. It is relatively easy to extend BASE to include scaffolding.

5. Fermi https://github.com/lh3/fermi/

Fermi is a de novo assembler with a particular focus on assembling Illumina short sequence reads from a mammal-sized genome. In addition to the role of a typical assembler, fermi also aims to preserve heterozygotes which are often collapsed by other assemblers. Its ultimate goal is to find a minimal set of unitigs to represent all the information in raw reads.

If you want to learn about String Graph assembler, please read the following papers -

i) The Fragment Assembly String Graph - E. W. Myers

This paper describes the String Graph concept.

ii) Efficient construction of an assembly string graph using the FM-index - Jared T. Simpson and Richard Durbin

This earlier paper from Simpson and Durbin

iii) Efficient de novo assembly of large genomes using compressed data structures - Jared T. Simpson and Richard Durbin

The aims of bio/medical research are also broad, including:
• Understanding mechanism of disease
• Understanding the impact of genetic and external factors on human health
• Designing and evaluating new therapeutic interventions
• Health genomics

List of Research Institutes in India (Biological Sciences)

BANGALORE
Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment
Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore-560064
Email: info@atree.org
Web: www.atree.org/
Research: ATREE deals with issues relating to the environmental, social and economic dimensions, and implications of, biological resources and natural ecosystems

Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka
Email:regr@admin.iisc.ernet.in
Web: www.iisc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Biochemistry, ecological sciences, microbiology & cell biology, molecular biophysics, molecular reproduction, development & genetics.

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, Karnataka
Email: academic@jncasr.ac.in
Web: www.jncasr.ac.in/
Research Areas: Evolutionary and organismal biology, molecular biology and genetics.

National Centre for Biological Science
GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: dean@ncbs.res.in
Web: www.ncbs.res.in
Research Areas: The research interests of the faculty range from single molecules to systems biology.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Bangalore 560029, Karnataka
Email: info@nimhans.kar.nic.in
Web: nimhans.kar.nic.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics, biostatistics, clinical psychology, epidemiology, human genetics, mental health education, neuroanaesthesia, neurochemistry, neuro imaging and interventional radiology, neurology, neuromicrobiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurosurgery, neurovirology.

Stem Cell Institute
NCBS, GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: ramas@ncbs.res.in
Web: underconstruction

University of Agricultural Sciences
GKVK, Bangalore 5600065, Karnataka
Email: root@uas.kar.nic.in
Web: uasbng.kar.nic.in/Default.htm
BARODA

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat
Web: msubaroda.ac.in/

BHOPAL
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Bhopal
Govindpura, Bhopal - 23
E-mail: director@iiserbhopal.ac.in
Web: www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics
BHUBANESHWAR
Institute of Life Sciences
Bhubaneswar 751 023, Orissa
Web: www.ils.res.in
Research Areas: Cancer, malaria, age diseases, stress biology, ecophysiology, plant molecular physiology, filariasis, tuberculosis, bio-perspecitve, agricultural biotechnology, bio-informatics.

National Institute of Science Education and Research – Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Physics Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa - 751 005,
e-mail : director@niser.ac.in
Web: www.niser.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.

Regional Research Laboratory
Bhubaneswar 751 013, Orissa
Email: root@csrrlbhu.ren.nic.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/rrl_bhu.html
Research Areas: Survey & cultivation of aromatic, medicinal and other economic plants.

Utkal University
Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Orissa
Web: www.utkaluniversity.org/
CHANDIGARH
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Mohali
Chandigarh
Email: webmaster@iisermohali.ac.in
Web: www.iisermohali.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology,
chemistry, math and physics

Institute of Microbial Technology
Sector 39–A, Chandigarh 160 036
Email: raghava@imtech.res.in
Web: www.imtech.res.in/
Research Areas: Molecular biology and microbial genetics,
animal cell/tissue culture and protein engineering.

Panjab University
Chandigarh 160 014
Email: pulib@puchd.ren.nic.in
Web: www.puchd.ac.in/

Postgraduate institute of Medical Education and Research
Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160 012
Email: pgimer@chd.nic.in
Web: pgimer.nic.in/
Research Areas: Obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry,
biochemistry, haematology, clinical parasitology etc.
CHENNAI
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu
Email: tppro@acer.iitm.ernet.in
Web: www.iitm.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.

University of Madras
University Centenary Building, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005, Tamil Nadu
Email: webmaster@unom.ac.in
Web: www.unom.ac.in/
DARJEELING
University of North Bengal
Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734 430, West Bengal
Email:(Registrar): regnbu@dte.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nbu.ac.in/
DELHI
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
Email: webmastr@aiims.ac.in
Web: www.aiims.ac.in/

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: info@igib.res.in
Web: www.igib.res.in/
Research Areas: Allergy and immunology, diagnostics, genetic engineering, bio-organics and high-tech reagents.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016
Email: malhotra@admin.iitd.ernet.in
Web: www.iitd.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biochemical engineering & biotechnology.
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.icgeb.trieste.it/
Research Areas: Mammalian biology:
Virology immunology, malaria,
recombinant gene products,
Plant molecular biology, plant transformation,
insect resistance, plant resistance.

Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
Email: webmaster@mail.jnu.ac.in
Web: www.jnu.ac.in

National Centre for Plant Genome Research
JNU Campus, New Delhi
Email: tapas_s3@yahoo.co.in
Web: ncpgr.nic.in/
Research Areas: Nutritional, structural, and functional genomics of various plant systems.

National Institute of Immunology
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.nii.res.in/
Research Areas: Gene regulation, immunity & infection, molecular design, reproduction & development.

TERI University
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070 / India
E-mail: registrar@teri.res.in
Web: www.teriuniversity.ac.in
Research Areas: Environmental Studies, Natural Resources Management, Climate Science and Policy, Plant Biotechnology

University of Delhi
University Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: webmaster@du.ac.in
Web: www.du.ac.in/
GOA
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, Goa
Email: info@ncaor.org
Research Areas: Co–ordination and implementation of the Indian Antarctic Programme.


National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula 403 004, Goa
Email: webmaster@darya.nio.org
Web: www.nio.org/
Research Areas: International geosphere-bio-sphere programme, marine biotechnology.
GURGAON
National Brain Research Centre
Near NSG Campus, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana
Email: info@nbrc.ac.in
Web: www.nbrc.ac.in/
Research Areas: Brain research.
GUWAHATI
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
North Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam
Email: mcb@iitg.ernet.in
Web: www.iitg.ernet.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.


Gauhati University
Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781 014, Assam
Web: http://www.gauhati.ac.in/.
HYDERABAD
Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: (Director): lalji@ccmb.res.in
Web: www.ccmb.res.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics & biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics & evolution, biomedicines & biotechnology.


Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
CDFD, Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad - 500 001.
Email: director@cdfd.org.in
Web: www.cdfd.org.in/
Research Areas: Automated genome analysis, bacterial genetics, cancer biology, cell biology & gene expression, computational biology, computational & functional genomics, immunology, mammalian genetics, molecular genetics, molecular oncology, molecular virology, structural biology, transcription, developmental neuroscience and drosophila genetics.


Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: kvr@iict.ap.nic.in, sampath@iict.ap.nic.in
Web: www.iictindia.org/
Research Areas: Pesticides, drugs, organic intermediates and fine chemicals.


LV Prasad Eye Intstitute
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: communications@lvpei.org
Web: www.lvpei.org/
LVPEI is a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness. Equipped with cutting-edge technology and distinguished professionals in the field of Eye care


University of Hyderabad
P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh
Email: trctcs@uohyd.ernet.in
Web: www.uohyd.ernet.in/
IMPHAL
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur
Email: ibsd_imp@sancharnet.in, ibsd-imphal@man.nic.in
Web: ibsd-imphal.nic.in/
Research Areas: Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity.
ITANAGAR
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
Itanagar, Nirjuli, Papumpare 791 109, Arunachal Pradesh
Email: dir@nerist.ernet.in
Web: www.nerist.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural engineering, forestry.
JAIPUR
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur 320 004, Rajasthan
Email: info@uniraj.org
Web: www.uniraj.org/
JAMMU and KASHMIR
Regional Research Laboratory
Canal Road, Jammu 130 001, Jammu & Kashmir
Email: (Director): qazi_gn@yahoo.com, root@csrrljm.ren.nic.in
Web: www.rrljammu.org/
Research Areas: Natural products & organic chemistry, improvement & cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, post harvest technology and applied microbiology & mutation genetics.

University of Jammu
Jammu 180 006, Jammu & Kashmir
Web: www.jammuuniversity.org/

University of Kashmir
Hazratbal,Srinagar-190006,Jammu and Kashmir
Email: info@kashmiruniversity.net
Web: http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/

Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science (SKIMS)
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skimsweb@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skims.ac.in/

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST)
Shalimar Campus, Srinagar - 191121 Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skuastkashmir@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural Sciences, fisheries and veterinary sciences.
JORHAT
Regional Research Laboratory
Jorhat 785 006, Assam
Email: drrljt@csir.res.in, inform@csir.res.in
Web: jorhat.nic.in/rrl.htm
Research Areas: Agrochemicals, drugs and drug intermediates, organic chemistry, biochemistry.
KANPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
GT Road, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh
Email: infocell@iitk.ac.in
Web: www.iitk.ac.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biological sciences & bioengineering.
KHARAGPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal
Email: (PRO): ashok@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in
Web: www.iitkgp.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
KOCHI
Cochin University of Science and Technology
South Kalamessery, Kochi 682 022, Kerala
Email: webmaster@cusat.ac.in
Web: www.cusat.ac.in/.
KOLKATA
Bose Institute
93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Email: sidroy@bic.boseinst.ernet.in
Web: www.boseinstitute.org/
Research Areas: Bioinformatics & computational biology, structure and functional dynamics of biomolecules, drug modeling, molecular genetics of microbes, transgenic plants etc.


Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: (Director): director@iicb.res.in
Web: www.iicb.res.in/
Research Areas: Natural products of medicinal, biological and industrial value, immunoassay techniques, tissue-targeted drug-delivery system.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Jadavpur University
188 Raja S.C. Mallik Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: registrar@jdvu.ac.in
Web: www.jadavpur.edu/


University of Calcutta
Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Web: www.kolkata.org/cu/
KURUKSHETRA
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana
Email: jskadian@rediffmail.com
Web: kuk.ernet.in/
LUCKNOW
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
53 University Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@bsip.res.in
Web: www.bsip-india.org/index.htm
Research Areas: Botanical palaeobotany: Morphotaxonomy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, phylogeny and evolution.


Central Drug Research Institute
Chattar Manzil Palace, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@cdriindia.org
Web: www.cdriindia.org/
Research Areas: Development of contraceptives, new drugs for tropical diseases (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis), cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Lucknow 226 015, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@cimap.res.in
Web: www.cimap.res.in/
Research Areas: Agrotechnologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, phytochemistry, plant physiology and biochemistry, pathology, genetics, entomology and pharmacognosy.


Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@itrcindia.org
Web: www.itrcindia.org/
Research Areas: Neurotoxicology, environmental health, immunotoxicology and environmental biotechnology.


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
MUMBAI
Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410 210
Web: www.actrec.gov.in/
Research Areas: Research investigations currently focus on molecular mechanisms of cancer, drug development and emerging therapies for treatment and prevention of cancer.


Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, Maharashtra
Email: webmaster@magnum.barc.ernet.in
Web: www.barc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Chemical and life sciences, nuclear agriculture.


Bombay Natural History Society
Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra
Email: bnhs@bom4.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.bnhs.org/


Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra
Email: registrar@iitb.ac.in
Web: www.iitb.ac.in/
Research Areas: Earth sciences; Science: Biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics.


Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005.
Web: www.tifr.res.in/
Department of Biological Sciences: www.tifr.res.in/~dbs
Research Areas: TIFR is a multidisciplinary research organisation working in the area of Natural Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), Mathematics and Computer Science.


University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santa Cruz (W), Mumbai 400 098, Maharashtra
Web: www.mu.ac.in/


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
NAGPUR
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra
Email: dirneeri@nagpur.dot.net.in
Web: www.neeri.nic.in/
Research Areas: Environmental biotechnology.
PUNE
Agharkar Research Institute
G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra
Web: www.aripune.org/
Research Areas: Animal sciences, microbial sciences, plant sciences.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Pune
Email: director@iiserpune.ac.in
Web: www.iiserpune.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.


National Chemical Laboratory
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra
Email: director@ems.ncl.res.in
Web: www.ncl-india.org/
Research Areas: biotechnology, biochemistry.>


National Centre for Cell Sciences
NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra
Email: infonccs@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nccs.res.in/
Research Areas: Cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, hybridoma technology, tissue banking & tissue engineering, regenerative biology, virology (HIV), cancer biology, diabetes, cryobiology transplantation, gene therapy.


University of Pune
Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra Telephone: 020-5601305
Email: Registrar): regis@unipune.ernet.in
Web: www.unipune.ernet.in/
PALAMPUR
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
Post Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh
Email: root@csihbt.ren.nic.in, director@ihbt.csir.res.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/ihbt.html
Research Areas: Floriculture, tea sciences, biotechnology and natural plant products.
PATIALA
Punjabi University
Patiala 147 002, Punjab
Email: ucc@pbi.ac.in
Web: www.universitypunjabi.org/
PILANI
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Vidhya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan
Email: mmsanand@bits-pilani.ac.in
Web: www.bits-pilani.ac.in/
ROORKEE
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667, Uttaranchal
Email: (Registrar): regis@iitr.ernet.in
Web: www.iitr.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
SHANTINIKETAN
Visva-Bharati University
Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235, West Bengal
Email: Root@vbharat.ernet.in
Web: www.visva-bharati.ac.in/
SHILLONG
North-Eastern Hill University
Umshing, Shillong 793 022, Meghalaya
Email: admin@nehu.ac.in
Web: www.nehu.ac.in/
SILCHAR
Assam University
P.O. Box 63, Silchar 788 011, Assam
Email: auliba@sancharnet.in, asokesen@sancharnet.in
Web: assamuniversity.nic.in/
TRIVANDUM
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Trivandum
Trivandrum, Kerala,India.
Web: www.iisertvm.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Regional Research Laboratory
Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala
Email: root@csrrltrd.ren.nic.in
Web: w3rrlt.csir.res.in/
Research Areas: Chemistry of natural products, agroprocessing, photochemical systems including solar energy conversion, analysis of pollutants and waste-water technology.

VARANASI
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh
Email: webmaster@bhu.ac.in
Web: www.bhu.ac.in/index.html

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Indian Council for Agricultural Research
Main Web site: www.icar.org.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: www.icar.org.in/icar15.html


CSIR Laboratories
Main CSIR website–www.csir.res.in/

-------------------------------

Department of Atomic Energy
Main CSIR website–www.barc.ernet.in/


Department of Biotechnology
Main CSIR website–dbtindia.nic.in/index.asp

Dept. of Science & Technology
Main Website: Main Website: www.dst.gov.in/


Indian Council for Medical Research
Main Web site: icmr.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICMR: icmr.nic.in/institute.htm#Permanent%20Institutes/Centres

Ministry of Environment and Forest
Main Web site: envfor.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: cyberjournalist.org.in/linksr.html

Following are the list of journals publishing pint-sized articles go by various names, such as genome reports, genome announcements, genome notes or genome letters, but will be referred to here broadly as genome reports.

1. Genome Announcements, American Society for Microbiology, Genome announcement, Impact factor 1.3,  A 500-word report stating that the genome of a particular organism (prokaryote, eukaryote or virus) has been sequenced and providing a citable record of the corresponding GenBank submission. Must include abstract but no text headings can be used except for ‘Acknowledgments’ and ‘References’. Cannot include figures, tables or supplemental material to present data or analysis.

Link: https://mra.asm.org/

2. Genome Biology and Evolution, Oxford University Press, Genome report, Impact factor 4.2, Focused 1500-word papers (up to six tables or figures) that publish the main evolutionary message of new genome sequences as they become submitted to GenBank. May also contain specifically focused comparative analyses of previously published genomes that contain a substantial and novel insight of broadest evolutionary significance.

Link: https://academic.oup.com/gbe

3. Journal of Biotechnology, Elsevier, Genome announcement, Impact factor 2.9, A 500-word report announcing the availability of the completely annotated genome sequence of a biotechnologically relevant organism in the corresponding database (for eukaryotes, advanced draft genomes will also be considered). Articles can contain an Abstract, a brief report on the organism and its biotechnological relevance, a table summarizing the genome features, References and an Acknowledgement. Figures are generally not allowed.

Link: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-biotechnology

4. Journal of Genomics, Ivyspring, Genome note, Impact factor N/A, A 1000-word report (10 reference limit; conclusions not permitted) describing novel data sets from high-throughput analysis of genotypes, phenotypes, gene expression, metabolomes, proteomes or genome assemblies.Standard metrics for data quality and the experimental design must be clearly reported.

Link: http://www.jgenomics.com/

5. Memórias do Instituto, Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Genome announcement and highlight, Impact factor 1.6, Dedicated to publishing new genome information from eukaryote parasites, virus, bacteria and their respective vectors, as well as re-sequencing or comparative genome analyses. Should occupy no more than three printed pages including figures and/or tables.

Link: http://memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br/

6. Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, Genomic resources note,  Impact factor 3.7, Short notes on newly assembled and annotated transcriptomes, genome fractions or whole genomes, and/or a library of SNP/SSR markers.Authors submit a short manuscript describing how the resource was developed and where the data can be accessed. Do not appear in journal as individual papers but are instead published as part of a summary article.

Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17550998

7. Standards in Genomic Science, BioMed Central (Springer), Short genome report, Impact factor 3.2, Short (∼500-word) article on newly sequenced genome. Article format must follow guidelines and template (available from journal Web site) put forward by the SGS. Any manuscripts not using template or that are missing key figures, tables and/or references (as per the guidelines) will be returned to authors. Rationale of the content model is to provide information that is consistently and uniformly presented for rapid and easy consumption by both human and machine readers. 

Link: https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/

8. 3biotech, Springer, Short genome report, Impact factor 1.3, Short (∼500-word) article on newly sequenced genome. Article format must follow guidelines (available from journal Web site).  Genome of a particular organism (prokaryote, eukaryote or virus) has been sequenced and providing a citable record of the corresponding GenBank submission.

Link: https://link.springer.com/journal/13205

Testing for similarities between DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) samples from two people allows family relationships to be established – or disproved – to an extraordinarily high degree of certainty. A common use for a DNA test is to establish if a man is the biological father of a child; this is known as a paternity test. However, there are other uses for the science of DNA testing (also called genotyping), these include forensic analysis of human DNA samples, and tracking relationships amongst domesticated animals.

The order in which the bases occur in DNA is referred to as the DNA sequence. Each person is unique and just as people differ in their fingerprints, they also have a unique and slightly different DNA sequence. Half of a person’s DNA is received from their mother, and half is received from the father. However, while fingerprints have no value for establishing family relationships, the minor variations in DNA sequence are extraordinarily useful for this purpose. All cells of our body contain DNA, skin cells from the lining of the cheek provide a simple and convenient source of material.

DNA is purified from these cells and the minor variations are read out as a type of bar-code by a machine. When the net DNA ‘barcodes’ from family members are lined up next to each other it becomes clear when a child is related to biological parents because half the stripes in the bar-code like signature will line up with those of the mother, and half will line up with those of the father. On the other hand, in the absence of a biological relationship, the DNA signatures from a child and from a potential parent are not found to have 50% in common. It may be appreciated that DNA testing is the most convenient and scientifically accurate method of determining relationships between people.

Following are the list of companies who qssist in DNA testing:

DNA testing companies

• 23andMe (admixture, adoption, deep ancestry, genealogy) (health and trait reports also available in some countries)
• 24 genetics (admixture, exome sequencing, health, paternity, pharmacogenetics, whole genome sequencing) A company catering for the Spanish market
• African Ancestry (deep ancestry)
• AfricanDNA (FTDNA affiliate) (admixture, deep ancestry, genealogy)
• AncestrybyDNA (admixture, deep ancestry)
• AncestryDNA, a subsidiary of Ancestry.com (admixture, adoption, genealogy)
• Atlas Biomed (deep ancestry, diet, health and traits, sport) A test catering for the Russian market
• BritainsDNA (formerly Ethnoancestry) (admixture, deep ancestry)
• Centrillion Biosciences (aka TribeCode) (admixture, deep ancestry)
• CymruDNAWales - see BritainsDNA
• Dante Labs (exome sequencing, health, whole genome sequencing) A test aimed at the European market
• DNA Ancestry and Family Origin (FTDNA affiliate in the Middle East) (admixture, adoption, deep ancestry, full mtDNA sequencing, genealogy)
• DNA Consultants (admixture, deep ancestry)
• DNA Tribes (admixture)
• DNA Worldwide (formerly a FTDNA partner. See also Living DNA)
• Ethnoancestry - see BritainsDNA
• Family Tree DNA (admixture, adoption, deep ancestry, full mtDNA sequencing, genealogy, Y chromosome sequencing)
• Full Genomes Corporation (whole genome sequencing, Y-chromosome sequencing)
• Gene by Gene - the parent company of Family Tree DNA which now incorporates the companies previously known as DNA Traits, DNA DTC and DNA Findings (research, health, exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing)
• Genebase (deep ancestry, genealogy)
• GenoTek (admixture, genealogy, diet and fitness, family planning, health, talents and sports) A company catering for the Russian market
• Genographic Project (admixture, deep ancestry)
• Genos Research Inc (DTC whole exome sequencing; consumer focused healthcare big data spin out from Complete Genomics; Note: no genetic genealogy focus or tools)
• Guardiome (admixture, whole genome sequencing and interpretation)
• Helix (exome sequencing) US supplier of the Genographic Project Geno 2.0 Next Generation test
• iGENEA (FTDNA affiliate) (admixture, deep ancestry, genealogy)
• IrelandsDNA - See BritainsDNA (formerly Ethnoancestry)
• MyDNA Global - a new name for BritainsDNA
• Living DNA (admixture, deep ancestry) See also DNA Worldwide
• MyHeritage DNA (admixture, genealogy)
• Oxford Ancestors (deep ancestry)
• Roots for Real (admixture, deep ancestry)
• ScotlandsDNA - (formerly Ethnoancestry) (admixture, deep ancestry)
• Sorenson Genomics (laboratory services)
• Sure Genomics (whole genome sequencing and interpretation)
• TribeCode See Centrillion Biosciences
• Veritas Genetics (whole genome sequencing and interpretation)
• Xcode (Diet and Fitness, Precision medicine, Genotyping, Sequencing, Interpretation)
• YorkshiresDNA - See BritainsDNA (formerly Ethnoancestry)
• WeGene (admixture, deep ancestry, health, sports, traits) A test tailored for the East Asian market
• YSEQ (custom Y-SNPs, Y-STRs, SNP panels, whole genome sequencing)

Bioinformatics is full of opportunities. The sector is poised to open new avenues for the other related sectors also. But the biggest opportunity area in the Bioinformatics market will be in the drug discovery sector. Reduction of both the cost and time taken to discover a new drug due to fast development in the Bioinformatics tools and software zone is also making drug discovery an attractive field to venture in. Malaysian bioinformatics growth and future are discuss in this https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723929/ paper. Keeping all such inportance in mind, following universities in Malaysia offering bioinformatics cources:

3 program(s) at AIMST University, Malaysia

Master of Science in Biotechnology (MSc) - Bioinformatics by Research

Master of Science (M.Sc) in Medical Microbiology (Bioinformatics) by Research

Doctor of Philosophy in Biotechnology (PhD) - Bioinformatics by Research

1 program(s) at INTI International University and Colleges, Malaysia

American Degree Transfer Program (Biosciences) in Bioinformatics

3 program(s) at Management and Science University (MSU), Malaysia

Master in Bioinformatics (By Research)

PhD in Bioinformatics

Bachelor in Bioinformatics (Hons)

1 program(s) at Multimedia University (MMU), Malaysia

Bachelor of Science (Honours) Bioinformatics

1 program(s) at Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL) Bestari Jaya Campus, Malaysia

Bachelor of Bioinformatics (Hons)

2 program(s) at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Malaysia

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics (By Research)

MSc - Master of Science in Bioinformatics (By Research)

6 program(s) at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia

MSc - Master of Science in Bioinformatics by Research

Master of Science in Bioinformatics and System Biology by Research

Master of Science (M.Sc) in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (With Thesis)

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics by Research

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (With Thesis)

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics and System Biology by Research

1 program(s) at Universiti Selangor (UNISEL), Malaysia

Bachelor of Bioinformatics (Hons)

3 program(s) at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

M.Sc - Master of Science (Bioscience) in Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG) By Research

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (Bioscience) in Bioinformatics Research Group (BIRG) By Research

Bachelor of Computer Science (BioInformatics)

4 program(s) at University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia

MSc - Master of Science in Bioinformatics by Research

Master in Bioinformatics by Coursework

PhD - Doctor of Philosophy in Bioinformatics by Research

Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Bioinformatics

3 program(s) at Perdana University, Malaysia

Master in Bioinformatics (By Research)

PhD in Bioinformatics

Bachelor in Bioinformatics (Hons)

3 program(s) at Monash University, Malaysia

Master in Bioinformatics (By Research)

PhD in Bioinformatics

Bachelor in Bioinformatics (Hons)

The real bioinformatics scope lies if there are research labs which work in this field. One has to take account of that. If so then try to get information of those labs and visit them to get a hang of the work they pursue. For detail Bioinformatics in Malaysia: Hope, Initiative, Effort, Reality, and Challenges are discussed in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723929/ paper.

Bachelor/ BS Bioinformatics at
1. Al-khair University, Bhimber
2. Government College University, Faisalabad
3. University Of Agriculture, Faisalabad
4. Comsats Institute Of Information Technology [isb], Islamabad
5. International Islamic University, Islamabad
6. Quaid-e-azam University, Islamabad
7. Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak
8. Virtual University Of Pakistan, Lahore
9. Virtual University Of Pakistan, Lahore
10. Hazara University, Mansehra
11. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar
12. Comsats Institute Of Information Technology, Sahiwal
13. Capital University Of Science And Technology, Islamabad
14. Foundation University, Islamabad
15. Baqai Medical University/hospital, Karachi
16. Institute Of Business And Technology(main Campus), Karachi
17. Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
18. Forman Christian College, Lahore
19. Qarshi University (lhr), Lahore
20. The Superior University, Lahore
21. University Of Management And Technology, Lahore
22. Federal Institute Of Health Sciences, Lahore
23. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Sub Campus, Swabi
24. Government Postgraduate College ( Mandian), Abbottabad
25. Federal Institute Of Health Sciences, Multan
26. Fedral Institute Of Health Sciences, Muzaffarabad
27. The Limit Institution Of Health Sciences, Sahiwal

Master/ MS Bioinformatics cources at
1. Government College University, Faisalabad
2. Comsats Institute Of Information Technology [isb], Islamabad
3. International Islamic University, Islamabad
4. National University Of Science & Technology, Islamabad
5. Quaid-e-azam University, Islamabad
6. University Of Sindh, Jamshoro
7. Virtual University Of Pakistan, Lahore
8. Hazara University, Mansehra
9. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar
10. Capital University Of Science And Technology, Islamabad
11. Cecos University Of Information Tech. & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar

The real bioinformatics scope lies if there are research labs which work in this field. One has to take account of that. If so then try to get information of those labs and visit them to get a hang of the work they pursue.

There is a huge buzz of precision medicine in light of genomics all around the world. One should also try to see how genomics infrastructure is built up or standing in Pakistan. If research labs having collaboration with hospitals employ genomics then one must also visit such labs. This will bring new avenues in healthcare advances. Not only it opens up the wealth of knowledge one can make out of genomics study but will also advance the critical thinking of therapies.

So I would encourage to target research labs working in the fields and also get information of hospitals employing genomics, this will give you an overall understanding of the fields demand in your country.