Simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis
Accessible to everybody, and reusable in various contexts
Built on NumPy, SciPy, and matplotlib
Open source, commercially usable - BSD license

More at http://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html

Address of the bookmark: http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/index.html

Address of the bookmark: https://readthedocs.org/projects/bipype/

Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing. Many developers have also used Python to build productivity tools, games, and desktop apps, so there are plenty of resources to help you learn how to do those as well.

For pros and cons visit http://www.bestprogramminglanguagefor.me/why-learn-python and http://bioinformaticsonline.com/discussion/view/459/python-vs-perl

More resources at https://github.com/CodementorIO/Python-Learning-Resources

Following are the list of useful python programming resources:

• 20 Python Libraries You Aren't Using (But Should) (Just fill the fields with any values)
• A Beginner's Python Tutorial
• A Byte of Python (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi)
• A Guide to Python's Magic Methods - Rafe Kettler
• A Whirlwind Tour of Python - Jake VanderPlas (PDF) (EPUB, MOBI)
• Automate the Boring Stuff - Al Sweigart
• Biopython (PDF)
• Build applications in Python the antitextbook (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi)
• Building Machine Learning Systems with Python - Willi Richert & Luis Pedro Coelho, Packt. (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Building Skills in Object-Oriented Design (Python) (PDF) (2.1.1)
• Building Skills in Python (PDF) (2.6)
• Code Like a Pythonista: Idiomatic Python
• CodeCademy Python
• Composing Programs (3.x)
• Data Structures and Algorithms in Python - B. R. Preiss (PDF)
• Dive into Python 3 - Mark Pilgrim (3.0)
  • Dive into Python - Mark Pilgrim (2.3)
• From Python to NumPy
• Full Stack Python
• Functional Programming in Python (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Fundamentals of Python Programming - Richard L. Halterman (PDF) (3.2)
• Google's Python Class (2.4 - 2.x)
• Google's Python Style Guide
• Hacking Secret Cyphers with Python - Al Sweigart (3.3)
• Hadoop with Python (Just fill the fields with any values)
• High Performance Python (PDF)
• Hitchhiker's Guide to Python! (2.6)
• How to Make Mistakes in Python - Mike Pirnat (PDF) (1st edition)
• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Interactive Edition (3.2)
  • How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python - Allen B. Downey, Jeff Elkner and Chris Meyers (2.4)
  • Think Python - Allen B. Downey (2.x & 3.0)
• Intermediate Python - Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid (1st edition)
• Introduction to Programming with Python (3.3)
  • Introduction to Programming Using Python - Cody Jackson (1st edition) (2.3)
• Introduction to Python - Kracekumar (2.7.3)
• Invent Your Own Computer Games With Python - Al Sweigart (3.1)
• Learn Python, Break Python
• Learn Python in Y minutes
• Learn Python The Hard Way (2.5 - 2.6)
• Learn to Program Using Python - Cody Jackson (PDF)
• Learning Python - Fabrizio Romano, Packt. (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Learning to Program
• Lectures on scientific computing with python - J.R. Johansson (2.7)
• Making Games with Python & Pygame - Al Sweigart (2.7)
• Modeling Creativity: Case Studies in Python - Tom D. De Smedt (PDF)
• Natural Language Processing with Python (3.x)
• Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3 (3.3)
  • Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6 (2.6)
• Picking a Python Version: A Manifesto (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Porting to Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
• Practical Programming in Python - Jeffrey Elkner (PDF)
• Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures using Python - Bradley N. Miller and David L. Ranum
• Program Arcade Games With Python And Pygame (3.3)
• Programming Computer Vision with Python (PDF)
• Python 2 Official Documentation (PDF, HTML, TEXT) (2.x)
• Python 2.7 quick reference - New Mexico Tech (2.7)
• Python 3 Official Documentation (PDF, EPUB, HTML, TEXT) (3.x)
• Python Cookbook - David Beazley
• Python Data Science Handbook - Jake VanderPlas (HTML, Jupyter Notebooks)
• Python for Econometrics - Kevin Sheppard (PDF) (2.7.5)
• Python for Everybody Exploring Data Using Python 3 - Charles Severance (PDF, EPUB, HTML)
  • Python for Informatics: Exploring Information (2.7.5)
• Python for you and me (2.7.3)
• Python for you and me (3.x)
• Python Idioms (PDF)
• Python in Education (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Python in Hydrology - Sat Kumar Tomer
• Python Koans (2.7 or 3.x)
• Python Module of the Week (3.x)
  • Python Module of the Week (2.x)
• Python Notes for Professionals - Compiled from StackOverflow documentation (3.x)
• Python Practice Book (2.7.1)
• Python Practice Projects
• Python Programming (PDF) (2.6)
• Scipy Lecture Notes
• SICP in Python (3.2)
• Snake Wrangling For Kids (3.x)
• Suporting Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
• Test-Driven Web Development with Python (3.3 - 3.x)
• Text Processing in Python - David Mertz (2.3 - 2.x)
• The Coder's Apprentice: Learning Programming with Python 3 - Pieter Spronck (PDF) (3.x)
• The Definitive Guide to Jython, Python for the Java Platform - Josh Juneau, Jim Baker, Victor Ng, Leo Soto, Frank Wierzbicki (2.5)
• The Little Book of Python Anti-Patterns (Source)
• The Programming Historian - William J. Turkel, Adam Crymble and Alan MacEachern
• The Python Ecosystem: An Introduction
• The Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial
• The Standard Python Library - Fredrik Lundh
• Think Complexity - Allen B. Downey (2nd Edition) (PDF, HTML)
• Web2py: Complete Reference Manual, 6th Edition (pre-release) (2.5 - 2.x)
• Wikibooks: Python Programming (2.7)

In this tutorial series article, I will explore features and packages of python which are widely used in the big data, NGS, and bioinformatics. I will also walk through a real biological example which shows NGS data processing with the help of python packages and programming.

Python has a couple of points to recommend it to biologists and scientists specifically:

• It's widely used in the scientific community
• It has a couple of very well designed libraries for doing complex scientific computing (although we won't encounter them in this book)
• It lend itself well to being integrated with other, existing tools
• It has features which make it easy to manipulate strings of characters (for example, strings of DNA bases and protein amino acid residues, which we as biologists are particularly fond of)

In general, following are some of the important features of python which makes it a perfect fit for rapid application development.

• Python is interpreted language so the program does not need to be compiled. Interpreter parses the program code and generates the output.
• Python is dynamically typed, so the variables types are defined automatically.
• Python is strongly typed. So the developers need to cast the type manually.
• Less code and more use makes it more acceptable.
• Python is portable, extendable and scalable.

There are two major Python versions, Python 2 and Python 3. Python 2 and 3 are quite different. This tutorial uses Python 3, because it more semantically correct and supports newer features.

I will post tutorial on daily basis on this page. Check the sub-pages on right side.

Handle sequence locations for bioinformatics http://www.ingolia-lab.org/seqloc-tutorial.html

Address of the bookmark: http://www.stackage.org/snapshot/nightly-2014-12-28/package/seqloc-0.6

It is possible to create a vector by typing data directly into R using the combine function ‘c’

x

same as

x

creates the vector x with the numbers between 1 and 5.

You can see what is in an object at any time by typing its name;

x

will produce the output ‘[1] 1 2 3 4 5′

Note that names need to be quoted

daysofweek ← c(‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’);

Usually however you want to input from a file. We have touched on the ‘read.table’ function already.

mydata

Now mydata is a data frame with multiple vectors

each vector can be identified by the default syntax

#if any of these are typed it will print to screen

mydata$V1 mydata$V2 mydata$V3

By default the function assumes certain things from the file

• The file is a plain text file (there are function to read excel files: not covered here)
• columns are separated by any number of tabs or spaces
• there is the same number of data points in each column
• there is no header row (labels for the columns)
• there is no column with names for the rows** [I’ll explain].

If any of these are false, we need to tell that to the function

If it has a header column

mydata header=T also works

Note that there is a comma between different parts of the functions arguments

If there is one less column in the header row, then R assumes that the 1^st column of data after the header are the row names

Now the vectors (columns) are identified by their name

#if any of these are typed it will print to screen

mydata$A mydata$B mydata$C

# Summary about the whole data frame

summary(mydata)

# Summary information of column A

summary(mydata$A)

We can shortcut having to type the data frame each time by attaching it

attach(mydata)

# summary of column B as ‘mydata’ is attached

summary(B)

Two other important options for read.table

If is is separated only by tabs and has a header

mydata

Really useful if you have spaces in the contents of some columns, so R does not mess up reading the columns . However if the columns or of an uneven length it will tell you.

If you know that the file has uneven columns

mydata

This causes R to fill empty spaces in a columns with ‘NA’ .

The last two examples will still work with our file and give the same result as with only headers=T

Graphs

to get an idea of what R is capable of type

demo(graphics)

steps through the examples, and the code is printed to the screen

We will work with simpler examples that have immediate use to biologists.

Remember to get more information about the options to a function type ‘?function’

Histogram of A

hist(mydata$A)

If there was more data we could increase the number of vertical columns with the option, breaks=50 (or another relevant number).

boxplot(mydata)

We can get rid of the need to type the data frame each time by using the attach function

# if not already done so

attach(mydata)

boxplot(mydata$A, mydata$B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

same as

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

Scatter plot

# if not already done so

attach(mydata)

plot(A,B) # or plot(mydata$A, mydata$B)

SAVING an image

Windows users (Rgui) RIGHT click on image and select which you want.

These instructions work for everyone.

You need to create a new device of the type of file you need, then send the data to that device

to save as a png file (easy to load into the likes of powerpoint, also great for web applications.

png(‘filename’)

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

or to save as a pdf

pdf(‘filename’)

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

Note

• Nothing will appear on screen, the output is going to the file
• Also it may not be saved immediately but will once the device (or R) is turned quit.

To quit R type

q() # If you save your session, next time you start R, you will have your data preloaded.

Or if you want to remain in R

dev.off() #turns of the png (or pdf etc) device, thus forces the data to save

#Find the reverse complement of a DNA string.
#Given: A DNA string Pattern.
#Return: Pattern, the reverse complement of Pattern.

use strict;
use warnings;

my $string="AAAACCCGGT";
my $finalString="";
my %hash = (
    "C" => "G",
    "A" => "T",
    "T" => "A",
    "G" => "C",
);

for (my $aa=0; $aa<=(length($string)-1); $aa++) {
    my $char=substr $string, $aa, 1;
    #print $hash{$char};
    $finalString="$hash{$char}"."$finalString";
}

print $finalString;
print "\n";