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	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/21443?offset=380</link>
	<atom:link href="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/21443?offset=380" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/11603/ncbi-webinar</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 08 Jun 2014 02:47:01 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/11603/ncbi-webinar</link>
	<title><![CDATA[NCBI Webinar]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In less than two weeks, NCBI will offer a webinar entitled "Introducing 3 NCBI Resources to Navigate Testing for Disease Linked Variants: MedGen, GTR and ClinVar". This webinar will delve into the lifecycle of genetic testing and teach attendees how to navigate the NIH Genetic Testing Registry, ClinVar, and MedGen resources. These resources can be used to prepare for clinical cases, access detailed information about orderable genetic tests, interpret test results, and more.</p><p>More at https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/8452228815737989634</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/12566/jrf-at-national-research-centre-on-plant-biotechnology</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 04 Jul 2014 13:36:02 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[JRF at NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE ON PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY</p>

<p>New Delhi-110012</p>

<p>Walk in interview</p>

<p>Eligible candidates may appear for Walk-in interview for the temporary positions of JRF/SRF/ RA, in ICAR, DBT funded research projects. Positions are purely temporary in nature and are co-terminus with the projects. The initial appointment will be for maximum one year, which can be extended on the basis of assessment of the candidate performance and need in the project work (PI-Dr. N. K. Singh, National Professor).</p>

<p>Name of the</p>

<p>PI (Project)<br />	</p>

<p>Name of</p>

<p>Position<br />	</p>

<p>Number of</p>

<p>positions<br />	</p>

<p>Emoluments</p>

<p>Fixed per</p>

<p>month (Rs.)<br />	</p>

<p>Essential</p>

<p>Qualifications</p>

<p>DBT-“Physical Mapping and Sample sequencing of Wheat Chromosome 2A- International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (India)”.</p>

<p>(Up to Nov,2014)</p>

<p>DBT- Identification and functional analysis of genes related to yield and biotic stresses (Up to Oct,2014)</p>

<p>NPTC-Central Facility<br />	</p>

<p>RA (Master)</p>

<p>JRF/SRF</p>

<p>Research Associate: One</p>

<p>Essential: MCA or M. Tech. (Bioinformatics and computer Science with 2 years experience in Database Management with</p>

<p>MySQL, Linux)</p>

<p>Desirable: Proficiency in handling of large biological databases</p>

<p>Age limit: Max. Age 35 years (Age of relaxation of 5 years for SC/ST&amp; woman. and 3 years for OBC). The interview will be held on 08 July, 2014 at 11 am at room no. 39, NRCPB, LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012. The candidates must bring original certificates and four copies of biodata, and recent passport size photograph. No TA/DA would be given for the appearance in interview. Only the candidates having essential qualifications would be entertained for the interviews.</p>

<p>Advertisement:</p>

<p>www.nrcpb.org/sites/default/files/news%20paper%20advirtisment..docx</p>
]]></description>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/12988/guest-lecturer-molecular-biology-bioinformatics</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2014 13:34:41 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Guest Lecturer - Molecular Biology &amp; Bioinformatics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Adv. No. F.TU/ACA/GT-APP/01/14 Date: 07.07.2014</p>

<p>Faculty of Science</p>

<p>Essential Qualifications:</p>

<p>(i) Good academic record having at least 55% marks (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) at the Master’s Degree level in a relevant subject, from an Indian University, or an equivalent degree from an accredited foreign University.</p>

<p>(II) Besides fulfilling the above qualifications, the candidates must have cleared the National Eligibility Test (NET) conducted by the UGC, CSIR or similar test accredited by the UGC like SLET/SET.</p>

<p>(III) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause 4.4.1 of UGC regulations 2010, candidates, who are, or have been awarded a Ph.D. Degree in accordance with the University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedure for Award of Ph.D. Degree) Regulations, 2009, shall be exempted from the requirement of the minimum eligibility condition of NET/ SLET/ SET for engagement of guest Teacher.</p>

<p>(IV) NET/ SLET/ SET shall also not be required for such Master’s Degree Programmes in discipline for which NET/ SLET/ SET is not conducted.</p>

<p>Application form along with detailed instructions can be downloaded from Tripura University website: www.tripurauniv.in. The duly filled in application forms complete in all respects may be sent so as to reach the Office of the Deputy Registrar Academic Branch, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar - 799022, Tripura on or before 31st July, 2014. The Candidates who responded against advertisement No. TU.REG/N-Advt./02/10 dated 20.02.2014 need not apply again.</p>

<p>For more info visit: http://www.tripurauniv.in/images/universitymedia/EmploymentNotification/Guest%20Teacher%20Advt.%20website_09072014.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/12940/ra-at-iiser-kolkata-computational-biologybioinformatics</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2014 06:24:28 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[RA at IISER Kolkata Computational Biology/Bioinformatics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Applications are invited from suitable candidates for research associate (post-doc; Rs. 22000-32000)/research fellow (16000-18000)/project assistant (Rs. 10000-14000) positions in the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute for Science Education and Research Kolkata in the extramural project. Condition to satisfactory performance, the positions is for a period of upto 2 years (or funding of the project).</p>

<p>Brief description: We are looking for suitable candidates in the area o computational biology/bioinformatics/genomics or related field for next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis for small-RNAs, RNA-Seq and targeted resequencing of plants and associated organisms. We are an interdisciplinary group where projects equally involve bioinformatics and systems biology (specially microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis and its use), along with plant molecular biology, genetic engineering, field biology, and analytical plant chemistry for understanding response of plants to biotic stresses.</p>

<p>Essential qualification: MSc/BTech/MTech/PhD (or other suitable qualification) in disciplines preferable to bioinformatics, computational biology, computer application (or equivalent)/ ‘Advance Post-Graduate Diploma in Bioinformatics’. Proficiency in programming languages (such as Perl, C++) and/or statistics (proficient in R for example) is compulsory.</p>

<p>Desirable qualification: Experience in the field of genomics e.g. microarray analysis, NGS, genome annotation, database development and management, software development, systems and network biology (or related fields) will be preferred.</p>

<p>Application process: Applications should contain CV along with brief description (maximum 1 page) of research conducted (highlighting skills and experience) till now. Applications should be sent by e-mail to Shree Prakash Pandey, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, WB, India within 14 days of this advertisement.</p>

<p>E-mail: sppiiserkol@gmail.com, sppandey@iiserkol.ac.in</p>

<p>Advertisement:</p>

<p>http://www.iiserkol.ac.in/announcements/adverts/671-advt_ra_shree_prakash_july_2014</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/13226/you-and-your-friend-have-similar-dna</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 27 Jul 2014 20:44:05 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/13226/you-and-your-friend-have-similar-dna</link>
	<title><![CDATA[You and your friend have similar DNA !!!]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>New research out of Massachusetts claims that people often choose friends that are similar to them in genetics and they are more accurate than you might suppose. A study published on PNAS&nbsp;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supplement_3/10796.full found that people are apt to pick friends who are genetically similar to themselves - so much so that friends tend to be as alike at the genetic level as a person's fourth cousin.</p><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--CwLwHa43--/18fbmlokxcmqcjpg.jpg" alt="image" width="300" height="271" style="border: 0px; border: 0px;"></div><p>Scientists with a long-running Framingham Heart Study looked at 1,932 people (examination of about 1.5 million markers of genetic variations), comparing unrelated friends to unrelated strangers. They found that friends shared about 1% of their genes &mdash; a percentage much higher than those shared with strangers.This new findings made it clear that people have more DNA in common with those who are selected as friends than with strangers in the same population.&nbsp;</p><p>The genes that lined up the most were olfactory genes, which deal with smell. The ones that lined up the least were immune system genes. The researchers weren't sure why that happened :/. Olfactory genes might be a straightforward explanation: People who like the same smells tend to be drawn to similar environments, where they meet others with the same tendencies.</p><p>Reference:</p><p>http://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supplement_3/10796.full</p><p>Image : http://i.kinja-img.com</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/13338/protein-function-annotation-and-machine-learning-upmc-paris-france</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 02 Aug 2014 01:22:52 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Protein function annotation and machine learning - UPMC - Paris, France]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Protein function annotation and machine learning - UPMC - Paris, France</p>

<p>Job Description: We are interested in finding an excellent postdoc with interests in protein functional annotation, machine learning and computer grids. The position is open for 3.5 years at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, in the heart of paris.</p>

<p>Research topic: Protein function annotation, multiple probabilistic models, domain architecture, machine learning, combinatorial optimization, computer grid.</p>

<p>Title: A novel integrative platform for large scale protein annotation that exploits a multitude of diversified probabilistic models in several protein signature databases.</p>

<p>We propose a novel integrated approach for large scale protein annotation that will exploit an unprecedented amount of genomic data as well as sophisticated machine learning techniques and combinatorial optimization approaches taking advantages of High Performance Computing (HPC) environments. The idea is to uncover as much as possible the evolutionary processes of protein sequences that took place throughout the whole tree of life and that affected the evolution of a protein family. We have already demonstrated in a previous work that the problem of functional annotation is inherent to the ability of uncovering such paths. Now, we shall extend this approach to large scale genome annotation by considering 11 different protein databases, constituted by about 10^9 protein sequences, and by producing a large pool of diversified probabilistic models coding for about 10^7 evolutionary protein pathways. Such models will be used to search for specific domains in genomes to be annotated. Our previous methodology needs to be fundamentally improved to deal with this large amount of biological data. In this project, we shall work on the algorithms to reduce the space of models and the search complexity, and we shall implement some important algorithmic changes towards the realization of a powerful integrated annotation tool.</p>

<p>Where: This project is run on the Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative UMR7238 CNRS-UPMC – Analytical Genomics team, headed by A.Carbone. It is co-advised with Pierre-Henri Wuillemin, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris 6 – Equipe DECISION.</p>

<p>Start date: September 1st, 2014<br />Contact Person: Alessandra Carbone<br />Contact: alessandra.carbone@lip6.fr</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/13842/swabs-to-genomes-a-comprehensive-workflow</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 10 Aug 2014 03:01:21 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/13842/swabs-to-genomes-a-comprehensive-workflow</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Swabs to Genomes: A Comprehensive Workflow]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The sequencing, assembly, and basic analysis of microbial genomes, once a painstaking and expensive undertaking, has become almost trivial for research labs with access to standard molecular biology and computational tools. However, there are a wide variety of options available for DNA library preparation and sequencing, and inexperience with bioinformatics can pose a significant barrier to entry for many who may be interested in microbial genomics. The objective of the present study was to design, test, troubleshoot, and publish a simple, comprehensive workflow from the collection of an environmental sample (a swab) to a published microbial genome; empowering even a lab or classroom with limited resources and bioinformatics experience to perform it.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://peerj.com/preprints/453.pdf" rel="nofollow">https://peerj.com/preprints/453.pdf</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Rahul Nayak</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/14050/assistant-professor-in-bioinformatics-at-indian-institute-of-technology-delhi</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 15 Aug 2014 06:16:06 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Assistant Professor 	in Bioinformatics at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas ,New Delhi – 110016</p>

<p>ROLLING ADVERTISEMENT NO. 01/2014(E-1)<br />ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE POSITIONS OF ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CANDIDATES CAN APPLY ANY TIME DURING THE YEAR.</p>

<p>IIT Delhi invites applications from qualified Indian Nationals, Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs) for the following positions in the various Departments/Centres/Schools (in the fields<br />mentioned alongwith them):<br />Post Pay Band Assistant Professor and Assistant Professor (on Contract) Rs.15600-39100 (PB-3) (Minimum pay of Rs.30000/-)+ AGP Rs.8000/-</p>

<p>The following norms will be followed for fixing the basic pay + AGP for Assistant Professors appointed on<br />contract with Ph.D but experience of 3 years or less:-<br />Type Qualification &amp; Experience on the date of joining<br />Assistant Professor (Contract) PB3 (Rs. 15,600-39,100).</p>

<p>MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE:<br />Ph.D. with First class at the preceding degree or equivalent in the appropriate branch with very good academic record throughout. A minimum of three years industrial/research/teaching experience, excluding however, the experience gained while Pursuing Ph. D. The candidates should preferably be below<br />35 years of age for male and 38 years for female ( to be relaxed by 5 years in case of persons with physical disability, SC/ST and 3 years in case of OBC-NCL).</p>

<p>Qualified persons include:<br />(a) Indian Nationals,<br />(b) Foreign Nationals who are “Persons of Indian Origin” (PIO) or Overseas<br />Citizens of India (OCI), in whose case, if selected, permission will be sought from Govt. of India<br />before he/she can join IIT Delhi, or<br />(c) Other Foreign Nationals, in whose case, if selected, appointment will be on a contract basis for up to 5 (five) years subject to permission from the Govt. of India before he/she can join IIT Delhi.<br />(d) Institute specifically encourages applicants from SC/ST/OBC category as well as persons<br />with disability to apply for these positions. </p>

<p>AMAR NATH &amp; SHASHI KHOSLA SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:<br />Computational Neuroscience, Medical Applications of Information Technologies, Computational &amp; Systems Biology, Machine to Machine (M2M) Technologies, Embedded Systems &amp; Sensors, Computer Security.<br />KUSUMA SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES:<br />In-silico Biology Applications, Systems Biology, Infection Biology, Neurodegeneration. </p>

<p>More at http://www.iitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/jobs/faculty/spl-areas-rolling-advt.pdf</p>

<p>http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/faculty-positions</p>
]]></description>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/14272/lecturersenior-lecturer-level-bc-in-bioinformatics</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2014 12:45:52 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Lecturer/Senior Lecturer (Level B/C) in Bioinformatics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Lecturer/Senior Lecturer (Level B/C) in Synthetic Biology, Research Fellow (Level B) in Synthetic Biology &amp; Lecturer/Senior Lecturer (Level B/C) in Bioinformatics</p>

<p>Apply now Job no: 494553<br />Work type: Continuing full time<br />Vacancy type: External Vacancy, Internal Vacancy<br />Categories: Academic - Teaching and Research</p>

<p>The Faculty of Science is launching a new and innovative branch of biological science at Macquarie University – Synthetic Biology. Synthetic biology combines engineering principles with molecular biological approaches to design and construct biological devices and systems. Recent highlights in this field include the design and synthesis of a functional bacterial genome and a yeast chromosome, and generation of synthetic bacterial cells. The rational synthesis of "designer" organisms yield important insights into how organisms work and has the potential to revolutionise biotechnological applications in areas such as bioenergy and biomanufacturing.</p>

<p>Find more at http://jobs.mq.edu.au/cw/en/job/494553/lecturersenior-lecturer-level-bc-in-synthetic-biology-research-fellow-level-b-in-synthetic-biology-lecturersenior-lecturer-level-bc-in-bioinformatics</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/33869/import-r-data</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 12 Jul 2017 08:30:46 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/33869/import-r-data</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Import R Data]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>It is often necessary to import sample textbook data into R before you start working on your homework.</p><div id="node-69"><div><p><strong>Excel File</strong></p><p>Quite frequently, the sample data is in&nbsp;<span>Excel&nbsp;</span>format, and needs to be imported into R prior to use. For this, we can use the function&nbsp;<span>read.xls&nbsp;</span>from the&nbsp;<span>gdata&nbsp;</span>package. It reads from an Excel spreadsheet and returns a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction/data-frame">data frame</a>. The following shows how to load an Excel spreadsheet named&nbsp;<span>"mydata.xls"</span>. This method requires Perl runtime to be present in the system.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-68"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;library(gdata)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;load&nbsp;gdata&nbsp;package&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;help(read.xls)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;documentation&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;=&nbsp;read.xls("mydata.xls")&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;read&nbsp;from&nbsp;first&nbsp;sheet</div></blockquote><p>Alternatively, we can use the function&nbsp;<span>loadWorkbook&nbsp;</span>from the&nbsp;<span>XLConnect&nbsp;</span>package to read the entire workbook, and then load the worksheets with&nbsp;<span>readWorksheet</span>. The&nbsp;<span>XLConnect&nbsp;</span>package requires Java to be pre-installed.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-69"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;library(XLConnect)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;load&nbsp;XLConnect&nbsp;package&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;wk&nbsp;=&nbsp;loadWorkbook("mydata.xls")&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;df&nbsp;=&nbsp;readWorksheet(wk,&nbsp;sheet="Sheet1")</div></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><a></a>Minitab File</h4><p>If the data file is in&nbsp;<span>Minitab Portable Worksheet&nbsp;</span>format, it can be opened with the function&nbsp;<span>read.mtp&nbsp;</span>from the&nbsp;<span>foreign&nbsp;</span>package. It returns a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.r-tutor.com/r-introduction/list">list</a>&nbsp;of components in the Minitab worksheet.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-70"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;library(foreign)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;load&nbsp;the&nbsp;foreign&nbsp;package&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;help(read.mtp)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;documentation&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;=&nbsp;read.mtp("mydata.mtp")&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;read&nbsp;from&nbsp;.mtp&nbsp;file</div></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><a></a>SPSS File</h4><p>For the data files in&nbsp;<span>SPSS&nbsp;</span>format, it can be opened with the function&nbsp;<span>read.spss&nbsp;</span>also from the&nbsp;<span>foreign&nbsp;</span>package. There is a&nbsp;<span>"to.data.frame"&nbsp;</span>option for choosing whether a data frame is to be returned. By default, it returns a list of components instead.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-71"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;library(foreign)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;load&nbsp;the&nbsp;foreign&nbsp;package&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;help(read.spss)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;documentation&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;=&nbsp;read.spss("myfile",&nbsp;to.data.frame=TRUE)</div></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><a></a>Table File</h4><p>A data table can resides in a text file. The cells inside the table are separated by blank characters. Here is an example of a table with 4 rows and 3 columns.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-72"><span><a></a></span>100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b1&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>200&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b2&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>300&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b3&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>400&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b4</div></blockquote><p>Now copy and paste the table above in a file named&nbsp;<span>"mydata.txt"&nbsp;</span>with a text editor. Then load the data into the workspace with the function&nbsp;<span>read.table</span>.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-73"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;=&nbsp;read.table("mydata.txt")&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;read&nbsp;text&nbsp;file&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;print&nbsp;data&nbsp;frame&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V1&nbsp;V2&nbsp;V3&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>1&nbsp;100&nbsp;a1&nbsp;b1&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>2&nbsp;200&nbsp;a2&nbsp;b2&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>3&nbsp;300&nbsp;a3&nbsp;b3&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>4&nbsp;400&nbsp;a4&nbsp;b4</div></blockquote><p>For further detail of the function&nbsp;<span>read.table</span>, please consult the R documentation.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-74"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;help(read.table)</div></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><a></a>CSV File</h4><p>The sample data can also be in&nbsp;<span>comma separated values&nbsp;</span>(CSV) format. Each cell inside such data file is separated by a special character, which usually is a comma, although other characters can be used as well.</p><p>The first row of the data file should contain the column names instead of the actual data. Here is a sample of the expected format.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-75"><span><a></a></span>Col1,Col2,Col3&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>100,a1,b1&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>200,a2,b2&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>300,a3,b3</div></blockquote><p>After we copy and paste the data above in a file named&nbsp;<span>"mydata.csv"&nbsp;</span>with a text editor, we can read the data with the function&nbsp;<span>read.csv</span>.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-76"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;=&nbsp;read.csv("mydata.csv")&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;read&nbsp;csv&nbsp;file&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;mydata&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Col1&nbsp;Col2&nbsp;Col3&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>1&nbsp;&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b1&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>2&nbsp;&nbsp;200&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b2&nbsp;<br /><span><a></a></span>3&nbsp;&nbsp;300&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b3</div></blockquote><p>In various European locales, as the comma character serves as the decimal point, the function&nbsp;<span>read.csv2&nbsp;</span>should be used instead. For further detail of the&nbsp;<span>read.csv&nbsp;</span>and&nbsp;<span>read.csv2&nbsp;</span>functions, please consult the R documentation.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-77"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;help(read.csv)</div></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h4><a></a>Working Directory</h4><p>Finally, the code samples above assume the data files are located in the R&nbsp;<span>working</span>&nbsp;<span>directory</span>, which can be found with the function&nbsp;<span>getwd</span>.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-78"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;getwd()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;get&nbsp;current&nbsp;working&nbsp;directory</div></blockquote><p>You can select a different working directory with the function&nbsp;<span>setwd()</span>, and thus avoid entering the full path of the data files.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-79"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;setwd("")&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#&nbsp;set&nbsp;working&nbsp;directory</div></blockquote><p>Note that the forward slash should be used as the path separator even on Windows platform.</p><blockquote><div id="listing-80"><span><a></a></span>&gt;&nbsp;setwd("C:/MyDoc")</div></blockquote></div></div>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Abhimanyu Singh</dc:creator>
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