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<channel>
	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/22053?offset=190</link>
	<atom:link href="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/22053?offset=190" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	
	
<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/20672/jrfra-structuralcomputational-biology-at-icgeb</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2015 11:52:40 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[JRF/RA Structural/Computational Biology at ICGEB]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Research Associate and JRF positions in the Structural and Computational Biology Group starting 1st March 2015. Collaborative projects include work on:</p>

<p>a) bioinformatics, systems and computational biology <br />b) malaria <br />c) drug discovery <br />d) genomics <br />e) microbiology <br />f) metabolic disorders <br />g) molecular medicine</p>

<p>Eligibility: Applicants must have one of the following :</p>

<p>1) INSPIRE award for undertakig either PhD or Postdoctoral research; <br />2) SPM award for PhD; <br />3) JRF for pursuing PhD from CSIR/DBT/ICMR</p>

<p>Interest and experience in Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Biophysics/ Chemistry/Genomics/Molecular Biology/ is essential.</p>

<p>Submit curriculum vitae to sb.icgeb@gmail.com by 20 February 2015</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/20959/research-associate-and-jrf-positions-in-the-structural-and-computational-biology-group-at-icgeb</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2015 23:00:37 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Research Associate and JRF positions in the Structural and Computational Biology Group at ICGEB]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Research Associate and JRF positions in the Structural and Computational Biology Group starting 1st March 2015. Collaborative projects include work on:</p>

<p>a) bioinformatics, systems and computational biology <br />b) malaria <br />c) drug discovery <br />d) genomics <br />e) microbiology <br />f) metabolic disorders <br />g) molecular medicine</p>

<p>Eligibility: Applicants must have one of the following :</p>

<p>1) INSPIRE award for undertakig either PhD or Postdoctoral research; <br />2) SPM award for PhD; <br />3) JRF for pursuing PhD from CSIR/DBT/ICMR</p>

<p>Interest and experience in Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Biophysics/ Chemistry/Genomics/Molecular Biology/ is essential.</p>

<p>Submit curriculum vitae to sb.icgeb@gmail.com by 20 February 2015</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21064/jrf-project-assistant-recruitment-at-shillong-%E2%80%93-bioinformatics-centre-dic</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 07 Feb 2015 06:00:23 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[JRF / Project Assistant Recruitment at Shillong – Bioinformatics Centre (DIC)]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>3 Vacancies at Bioinformatics Centre (DIC) For M.Tech/M.Sc. Degree Candidates. Apply Before 15th February,2015</p>

<p>Bioinformatics Centre (DIC) invites applications for the following posts:</p>

<p>Job Number: 01<br />Job Designation: Junior Research Fellow (JRF)<br />Number of Vacancy: 02 (Two)<br />Educational Qualification:<br />M.Tech/M.Sc. in Life Sciences/Botany/Zoology/Biochemistry/Biotechnology/Bioinformatics.<br />Desirable Qualification:<br />Aptitude for Bioinformatics and Computer Programming/Next generation sequencing data analysis.</p>

<p>Job Number: 02<br />Job Designation: Project Assistant<br />Number of Vacancy: 01 (One)<br />Educational Qualification:<br />Graduation in Science.<br />Desirable Qualification:<br />Experience of working in a Life Science/Plant Biotechnology Lab.</p>

<p>Place of Work: Shillong</p>

<p>How To Apply For Opening:<br />The applications through email bicnehu@gmail.com or post must reach the undersigned within 15 days from the date of publication of this advertisement.</p>

<p>Last Date To Apply: 15th February,2015</p>

<p>Contact Address: Bioinformatics Centre (DIC),Shillong-793022</p>

<p>Advertisement Details: Employment News (31 January – 6 February) Page 28</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/21312/r-for-microsoft-excel</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2015 00:43:27 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/21312/r-for-microsoft-excel</link>
	<title><![CDATA[R for Microsoft Excel]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<div><p>If you currently use a spreadsheet like Microsoft Excel for data analysis, you might be interested in taking a look at this <a href="https://districtdatalabs.silvrback.com/intro-to-r-for-microsoft-excel-users" target="_blank">tutorial on how to transition from Excel to R</a>&nbsp;by Tony Ojeda. The tutorial explains how to use R functions in place of Excel formulas, including tools like =AVERAGE and =VLOOKUP. For the most part, it uses modern R packages to keep the R code clear and concise.</p><p>You'll likely still be using Excel as a data source, though, so you'll also want to check out this <a href="http://www.milanor.net/blog/?p=779" target="_blank">guide to importing data from Excel to R</a> from MilanoR.</p></div><p>Reference http://www.r-bloggers.com/an-r-tutorial-for-microsoft-excel-users/</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jitendra Narayan</dc:creator>
</item>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/21367/a-guide-for-complete-r-beginners-r-syntax</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2015 23:41:03 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/21367/a-guide-for-complete-r-beginners-r-syntax</link>
	<title><![CDATA[A guide for complete R beginners :- R Syntax]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>R is a functional based language, the inputs to a function, including options, are in brackets. Note that all dat and options are separated by a comma</p><ul>
<li>Function(data, options)</li>
</ul><p>Even quit is a function</p><ul>
<li>q()</li>
</ul><p>So is help</p><blockquote><p><strong>help(read.table)</strong></p></blockquote><p>Provides the help page for the FUNCTION &lsquo;read.table&rsquo;</p><blockquote><p><strong>help.search(&ldquo;t test&rdquo;)</strong></p></blockquote><p>Searches for help pages that might relate to the phrase &lsquo;t test&rsquo;</p><p><strong>NOTE</strong>: quotes are needed for search strings, they are not needed when referring to data objects or function names.</p><p>There is a short cut for help,</p><p>? shows the help page on a function name, same as <em>help(function)</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>?read.table</strong></p></blockquote><p>?? searches for help pages on functions, same as <em>help.search(&lsquo;phrase&rsquo;)</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>??&ldquo;t test&rdquo;</strong></p></blockquote><p>Information is usually returned from a function, by default this is printed to screen</p><blockquote><p><strong>read.table(&lsquo;data.tsv&rsquo;)</strong></p></blockquote><p>This can always be stored, we call what it is stored in an &lsquo;object&rsquo;</p><p><strong>mydata </strong></p><p>here <strong>mydata</strong> is an object of type <span style="text-decoration: underline;">dataframe</span></p><p><strong>Reminder:</strong></p><ul>
<li>Vector: a list of numbers, equivalent to a column in a table</li>
<li>Data Frame = a collection of vectors. Equivalent to a table</li>
</ul><p><strong>Hint</strong>:</p><ul>
<li>Up/Down arrow keys can be use to cycle through previous commands</li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Archana Malhotra</dc:creator>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21851/bioinformatics-project-assistant-at-nitw</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2015 01:43:27 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Bioinformatics Project Assistant at NITW]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WARANGAL – 506 004</p>

<p>DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY</p>

<p>No. NITW/Bio/ Date: 30th March 2015</p>

<p>ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROJECT FELLOW (Research Staff)</p>

<p>Applications are invited for the post of Project Fellow (Research Staff) for the project entitled ‘Metagenome derived nitroreductases for degradation of nitro compounds’ sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology (DST-INSPIRE), Govt. of India.</p>

<p>Position: Project Fellow (1 No.)</p>

<p>Project Duration: 5 years</p>

<p>Note: The post is purely on temporary basis for a period one year and may be extendable till the end of the project based on the progress of the candidate.</p>

<p>Emoluments: Rs. 14,000/- per month (Consolidated) for first two years and Rs. 16,000/- per month (Consolidated) for next three years.</p>

<p>Essential Qualifications:</p>

<p>i) First class in M.Tech/M.S (Biotechnology/Industrial Biotechnology/Bioinformatics) or equivalent. Or</p>

<p>ii) First class in M.Sc. (Biotechnology/Bioinformatics/Biochemistry/ Microbiology/Molecular biology).</p>

<p>Desirable Qualification: Preference will be given to candidates who have cleared NET/GATE or having prior work experience in Molecular biology/Bioinformatics sequence analysis.</p>

<p>Interested candidates may submit their application in plain paper along with Curriculum Vitae and photocopies of certificates in support of educational/professional qualifications. Application should be sent in a closed cover with a superscription on the cover “Application for the post of project fellow (DST-INSPIRE)” on or before 20.04.2015 (Monday) via Post to the Principal Investigator. Eligible candidates will be intimated through e-mail and called for interview at the Department of Biotechnology, NIT, Warangal. No TA/DA will be paid for attending the interview. Dr. K. Divakar (Principal Investigator) DST-INSPIRE Faculty Department of Biotechnology National Institute of Technology Warangal – 506 004. Telangana, India. E-mail: divakar@nitw.ac.in; kdivak@gmail.com</p>

<p>Advertisement: http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitw/announcements/2015/Notification_Project_Fellow_DST_INSPIRE_Biotechnology_NITW.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21930/bioinformatics-ra-at-ivri</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2015 03:10:53 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Bioinformatics RA at IVRI]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>A walk in interview is scheduled in the seminar hall of Veterinary Biotechnology Division of the institute on 9.04.15 at 10.30 am for the engagement of one Research associate (RA) in ICAR funded time bound project entitled “Centre for Agricultural bioinformatics (CABin)”.</p>

<p>The engagement is purely temporary on contractual basis and co-terminus with the project. There will be no provision of absorption of absorption/reemployment in IVRI/DBT on termination of the project.</p>

<p>No TA/DA will be provided for appearing in the interview and no separate letter will be issued.</p>

<p>A. Name tile of the project: “Centre for Agricultural bioinformatics (CABin)”.</p>

<p>B. Position/post to be filled: Research Associate (one)</p>

<p>C. Essential/Desirable qualifications:</p>

<p>•Essential: M.V.Sc./M.Tech./MSc Degree in Biotechnology/ Biochemistry/ Microbiology/Immunology/Bioinformatics/Genetics/Life Sciences or</p>

<p>Masters in Computer Application/ Masters in Computer science with first division.</p>

<p>• Desirable: Experience in cell culture, next generation sequencing, C++ and perl programming. NET/GATE qualified will be preferred.</p>

<p>• Experience : At least 2 years</p>

<p>D. Emoluments: Rs. 23000/- per month + 20% HRA</p>

<p>E. Age Limit: Maximum 40 years for men and 45 years for women</p>

<p>F. Duration of the project: Up to March 2017</p>

<p>G. Name of PI/Contact person: Dr. G.V.P.P.S. Ravi Kumar, Sr. Scientist, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology.</p>

<p>H. Address for correspondence: Dr. G.V.P.P.S. Ravi Kumar, Sr. Scientist, Computational Biology and Genomics facility,Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, I.V.R.I., Izatnagar – 243122</p>

<p>Advertisement: www.ivri.nic.in/jobs/WalkIn_interview_01042015.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/22066/jrf-bioinformatics-national-institute-of-immunology-new-delhi-110067</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2015 02:39:37 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[JRF Bioinformatics @ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY  NEW DELHI-110067]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Applications are invited for the position of Junior Research Fellow (Project)/Senior Research Fellow (Project) for the following time-bound sponsored project as per the details given below:</p>

<p>1. “Development of bioinformatics methods for identifying novel secondary metabolites by genome mining” funded by DBT</p>

<p>JRF (P)/SRF (P) (One Position only)</p>

<p>Dr. Debasisa Mohanty Staff Scientist-VI deb@nii.res.in</p>

<p>Educational Qualifications: JRF (Project): M.Sc (Bioinformatics/ Biophysics/Biotechnology or any other stream of biological/physical sciences) or M.Tech. (Bioinformatics/Biotechnology/Computational Sciences) of M. Pharm.</p>

<p>SRF (Project): M.Sc (Bioinformatics/Biophysics/Biotechnology or any other stream of biological/physical sciences) or M.Tech. (Bioinformatics/Biotechnology/Computational Sciences) of M. Pharm with atleast 03 years of research experience.</p>

<p>Desirable Qualifications: Strong computer programming skills (in PERL/CGI/PHP or C++ or object oriented database management systems like MySQL etc or scripting languages under LINUX/UNIX environment) and sufficient experience in computational analysis of biological/biochemical data.</p>

<p>The candidates must highlight their experience in programming and database development in their CV. Job description: Computational analysis of genomes and development of bioinformatics tools and software’s for sequence and structure based analysis of biosynthetic pathways.</p>

<p>Emoluments: The selected candidates will draw consolidated emoluments as per Institute Rules, depending upon qualifications &amp; experience JRF (Project): Rs. 12,000/- per month plus 30% HRA SRF (Project): Rs. 14,000/- per month plus 30% HRA (*Candidates possessing qualifications as per latest DST OM, will be given revised scales). </p>

<p>More at http://www1.nii.res.in/sites/default/files/projectappointments-Dr.DebasisaMohanty-30April2015.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/22028/walk-in-for-research-asst-programmer-enterovirus-research-centre-mumbai-india</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2015 12:36:51 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Walk in for Research Asst &amp; Programmer Enterovirus Research Centre Mumbai - India]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Enterovirus Research Centre Mumbai Jobs 2015 –</p>

<p>Walk in for Research Asst &amp; Programmer Posts: Enterovirus Research Centre, Mumbai, Indian Council of Medical Research has issued notification for the recruitment of Research Asst &amp; Programmer vacancies on temporary basis for the project entitled “An Atlas of Non-Polio Enterovirus Types Isolated from Cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in India”. Eligible candidates may walk in on 20-04-2015 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 Noon. Other details like age limit, educational qualification, how to apply are given below…</p>

<p>Enterovirus Research Centre Mumbai Vacancy Details:<br />Total No. of Posts: 04<br />Name of the Posts:<br />1. Research Assistant: 03 Posts<br />2. Programmer: 01 Post</p>

<p>Age Limit: Candidates age should below 28 years. Age relaxations are applicable as per rules.</p>

<p>Educational Qualification: Candidates should have M.Sc (1st Class) in Microbiology/ Bioinformatics/ Biotechnology/ Life Science for post 1, BE/ B.Tech/ MCA for post 2.</p>

<p>Selection Process: Candidates are selected based on their performance in interview.</p>

<p>How to Apply: Eligible candidates may attend for interview along with original certificates, CV, attested copies of relevant certificates, one recent passport size photograph duly affixed on right side of application at Enterovirus Research Centre, Mumbai, Indian Council of Medical Research, Haffkine Institute Cmpound, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai-400012 on 20-04-2015 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 Noon.</p>

<p>Important Dates:<br />Date &amp; Time of Interview: 20-04-2015 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 Noon.<br />Registration Time: 12:00 Noon.</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/22133/r-320-is-released</guid>
	<pubDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2015 05:06:44 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/22133/r-320-is-released</link>
	<title><![CDATA[R 3.2.0 is released]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>R 3.2.0 (codename &ldquo;Full of Ingredients&rdquo;)&nbsp;was <a href="http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/R-3-2-0-is-released-td4705933.html" target="_blank">released yesterday</a>.&nbsp;You can get the latest binaries version <strong><a href="http://cran.rstudio.com/" target="_blank">from here</a>.</strong>&nbsp;(or the .tar.gz&nbsp;<strong>source</strong> code from <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-3/R-3.2.0.tar.gz" target="_blank">here</a>).&nbsp;The full list of new features and bug fixes is provided below.</p><h3>Upgrading to R 3.2.0 on Windows</h3><p>If you are using <strong>Windows&nbsp;</strong>you can easily upgrade to the latest version of R using <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/installr/" target="_blank">the installr package</a>. Simply run the following code:</p><div><table>
<tbody>
<tr id="p612572">
<td id="p61257code2">
<pre><span style="color: #228b22;"># installing/loading the latest installr package:</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff; font-weight: bold;">install.<span>packages</span></span><span style="color: #080;">(</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">"installr"</span><span style="color: #080;">)</span><span style="color: #080;">;</span> <span style="color: #0000ff; font-weight: bold;">library</span><span style="color: #080;">(</span>installr<span style="color: #080;">)</span> <span style="color: #228b22;">#load / install+load installr</span>
&nbsp;
updateR<span style="color: #080;">(</span><span style="color: #080;">)</span> <span style="color: #228b22;"># updating R.</span></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><p><span>Running &ldquo;updateR()&rdquo; will detect if there is a new R version available, and if so it will download+install it (etc.).</span></p><p><span><strong>If you are an R blogger yourself</strong> you are invited to <a href="http://www.r-bloggers.com/add-your-blog/">add your own R content feed to this site</a> (<strong>Non-English</strong> R bloggers should add themselves- <a href="http://www.r-bloggers.com/lang/add-your-blog">here</a>)</span></p><h4>NEW FEATURES</h4><ul>
<li><code>anyNA()</code> gains a <code>recursive</code> argument.</li>
<li>When <code>x</code> is missing and <code>names</code> is not false (including the default value), <code>Sys.getenv(x, names)</code> returns an object of class <code>"Dlist"</code> and hence prints tidily.</li>
<li>(Windows.) <code>shell()</code> no longer consults the environment variable <span>SHELL</span>: too many systems have been encountered where it was set incorrectly (usually to a path where software was compiled, not where it was installed). <span>R_SHELL</span>, the preferred way to select a non-default shell, can be used instead.</li>
<li>Some unusual arguments to <code>embedFonts()</code> can now be specified as character vectors, and the defaults have been changed accordingly.</li>
<li>Functions in the <code>Summary</code> group duplicate less. (<a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=15798" target="_blank">PR#15798</a>)</li>
<li>(Unix-alikes.) <code>system(cmd, input = )</code> now uses &lsquo;shell-execution-environment&rsquo; redirection, which will be more natural if <code>cmd</code> is not a single command (but requires a POSIX-compliant shell). (Wish of <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=15508" target="_blank">PR#15508</a>)</li>
<li><code>read.fwf()</code> and <code>read.DIF()</code> gain a <code>fileEncoding</code> argument, for convenience.</li>
<li>Graphics devices can add attributes to their description in <code>.Device</code> and <code>.Devices</code>. Several of those included with <strong>R</strong> use a <code>"filepath"</code> attribute.</li>
<li><code>pmatch()</code> uses hashing in more cases and so is faster at the expense of using more memory. (<a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=15697" target="_blank">PR#15697</a>)</li>
<li><code>pairs()</code> gains new arguments to select sets of variables to be plotted against each other.</li>
<li><code>file.info(, extra_cols = FALSE)</code> allows a minimal set of columns to be computed on Unix-alikes: on some systems without properly-configured caching this can be significantly faster with large file lists.</li>
<li>New function <code>dir.exists()</code> in package <span>base</span> to test efficiently whether one or more paths exist and are directories.</li>
<li><code>dput()</code> and friends gain new controls <span>hexNumeric</span> and <span>digits17</span> which output double and complex quantities as, respectively, binary fractions (exactly, see <code>sprintf("%a")</code>) and as decimals with up to 17 significant digits.</li>
<li><code>save()</code>, <code>saveRDS()</code> and <code>serialize()</code> now support <code>ascii = NA</code> which writes ASCII files using <code>sprintf("%a")</code> for double/complex quantities. This is read-compatible with <code>ascii = TRUE</code> but avoids binary-&gt;decimal-&gt;binary conversions with potential loss of precision. Unfortunately the Windows C runtime&rsquo;s lack of C99 compliance means that the format cannot be read correctly there in <strong>R</strong> before 3.1.2.</li>
<li>The default for <code>formatC(decimal.mark =)</code> has been changed to be <code>getOption("OutDec")</code>; this makes it more consistent with <code>format()</code> and suitable for use in print methods, e.g. those for classes <code>"density"</code>, <code>"ecdf"</code>, <code>"stepfun"</code> and <code>"summary.lm"</code>.
<p><code>getOption("OutDec")</code> is now consulted by the print method for class <code>"kmeans"</code>, by <code>cut()</code>, <code>dendrogram()</code>, <code>plot.ts()</code> and <code>quantile()</code> when constructing labels and for the report from<code>legend(trace = TRUE)</code>.</p>
<p>(In part, wish of <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=15819" target="_blank">PR#15819</a>.)</p>
</li>
<li><code>printNum()</code> and hence <code>format()</code> and <code>formatC()</code> give a warning if <code>big.mark</code> and <code>decimal.mark</code> are set to the same value (period and comma are not uncommonly used for each, and this is a check that conventions have not got mixed).</li>
<li><code>merge()</code> can create a result which uses long vectors on 64-bit platforms.</li>
<li><code>dget()</code> gains a new argument <code>keep.source</code> which defaults to <code>FALSE</code> for speed (<code>dput()</code> and <code>dget()</code> are most often used for data objects where this can make <code>dget()</code> many times faster).</li>
<li>Packages may now use a file of common macro definitions in their help files, and may import definitions from other packages.</li>
<li>A number of macros have been added in the new &lsquo;<span>share/Rd</span>&rsquo; directory for use in package overview help pages, and <code>promptPackage()</code> now makes use of them.</li>
<li><code>tools::parse_Rd()</code> gains a new <code>permissive</code> argument which converts unrecognized macros into text. This is used by <code>utils:::format.bibentry</code> to allow LaTeX markup to be ignored.</li>
<li><code>options(OutDec =)</code> can now specify a multi-byte character, e.g., <code>options(OutDec = "u00b7")</code> in a UTF-8 locale.</li>
<li><code>is.recursive(x)</code> is no longer true when <code>x</code> is an external pointer, a weak reference or byte code; the first enables <code>all.equal(x, x)</code> when <code>x .</code></li>
<li><code>ls()</code> (aka <code>objects()</code>) and <code>as.list.environment()</code> gain a new argument <code>sorted</code>.</li>
<li>The <code>"source"</code> attribute (which has not been added to functions by <strong>R</strong> since before <strong>R</strong> version 2.14.0) is no longer treated as special.</li>
<li>Function <code>returnValue()</code> has been added to give <code>on.exit()</code> code access to a function&rsquo;s return value for debugging purposes.</li>
<li><code>crossprod(x, y)</code> allows more matrix coercions when <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> are vectors, now equalling <code>t(x) %*% y</code> in these cases (also reported by Radford Neal). Similarly, <code>tcrossprod(x,y)</code> and <code>%*%</code> work in more cases with vector arguments.</li>
<li>Utility function <code>dynGet()</code> useful for detecting cycles, aka infinite recursions.</li>
<li>The byte-code compiler and interpreter include new instructions that allow many scalar subsetting and assignment and scalar arithmetic operations to be handled more efficiently. This can result in significant performance improvements in scalar numerical code.</li>
<li><code>apply(m, 2, identity)</code> is now the same as the matrix <code>m</code> when it has <em>named</em> row names.</li>
<li>A new function <code>debuggingState()</code> has been added, allowing to temporarily turn off debugging.</li>
<li><code>example()</code> gets a new optional argument <code>run.donttest</code> and <code>tools::Rd2ex()</code> a corresponding <code>commentDonttest</code>, with a default such that <code>example(..)</code> in help examples will run <code>donttest</code> code only if used interactively (a change in behaviour).</li>
<li><code>rbind.data.frame()</code> gains an optional argument <code>make.row.names</code>, for potential speedup.</li>
<li>New function <code>extSoftVersion()</code> to report on the versions of third-party software in use in this session. Currently reports versions of <code>zlib</code>, <code>bzlib</code>, the <code>liblzma</code> from <code>xz</code>, PCRE, ICU, TRE and the <code>iconv</code> implementation.
<p>A similar function <code>grSoftVersion()</code> in package <span>grDevices</span> reports on third-party graphics software.</p>
<p>Function <code>tcltk::tclVersion()</code> reports the Tcl/Tk version.</p>
</li>
<li>Calling <code>callGeneric()</code> without arguments now works with primitive generics to some extent.</li>
<li><code>vapply(x, FUN, FUN.VALUE)</code> is more efficient notably for large <code>length(FUN.VALUE)</code>; as extension of <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16061" target="_blank">PR#16061</a>.</li>
<li><code>as.table()</code> now allows tables with one or more dimensions of length 0 (such as <code>as.table(integer())</code>).</li>
<li><code>names(x) now clears the names of call and <code>...</code> objects.</code></li>
<li><code>library()</code> will report a warning when an insufficient dependency version is masking a sufficient one later on the library search path.</li>
<li>A new <code>plot()</code> method for class <code>"raster"</code> has been added.</li>
<li>New <code>check_packages_in_dir_changes()</code> function in package <span>tools</span> for conveniently analyzing how changing sources impacts the check results of their reverse dependencies.</li>
<li>Speed-up from Peter Haverty for <code>ls()</code> and <code>methods:::.requirePackage()</code> speeding up package loading. (<a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16133" target="_blank">PR#16133</a>)</li>
<li>New <code>get0()</code> function, combining <code>exists()</code> and <code>get()</code> in one call, for efficiency.</li>
<li><code>match.call()</code> gains an <code>envir</code> argument for specifying the environment from which to retrieve the <code>...</code> in the call, if any; this environment was wrong (or at least undesirable) when the<code>definition</code> argument was a function.</li>
<li><code>topenv()</code> has been made <code>.Internal()</code> for speedup, based on Peter Haverty&rsquo;s proposal in <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16140" target="_blank">PR#16140</a>.</li>
<li><code>getOption()</code> no longer calls <code>options()</code> in the main case.</li>
<li>Optional use of <code>libcurl</code> (version 7.28.0 from Oct 2012 or later) for Internet access:
<ul>
<li><code>capabilities("libcurl")</code> reports if this is available.</li>
<li><code>libcurlVersion()</code> reports the version in use, and other details of the <code>"libcurl"</code> build including which URL schemes it supports.</li>
<li><code>curlGetHeaders()</code> retrieves the headers for <code>http://</code>, <code>https://</code>, <code>ftp://</code> and <code>ftps://</code> URLs: analysis of these headers can provide insights into the &lsquo;existence&rsquo; of a URL (it might for example be permanently redirected) and is so used in <code>R CMD check --as-cran</code>.</li>
<li><code>download.file()</code> has a new optional method <code>"libcurl"</code> which will handle more URL schemes, follow redirections, and allows simultaneous downloads of multiple URLs.</li>
<li><code>url()</code> has a new method <code>"libcurl"</code> which handles more URL schemes and follows redirections. The default method is controlled by a new option <code>url.method</code>, which applies also to the opening of URLs <em>via</em> <code>file()</code> (which happens implicitly in functions such as <code>read.table</code>.)</li>
<li>When <code>file()</code> or <code>url()</code> is invoked with a <code>https://</code> or <code>ftps://</code> URL which the current method cannot handle, it switches to a suitable method if one is available.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(Windows.) The DLLs &lsquo;<span>internet.dll</span>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<span>internet2.dll</span>&rsquo; have been merged. In this version it is safe to switch (repeatedly) between the internal and Windows internet functions within an <strong>R</strong>session.
<p>The Windows internet functions are still selected by flag <span>&ndash;internet2</span> or <code>setInternet2()</code>. This can be overridden for an <code>url()</code> connection <em>via</em> its new <code>method</code> argument.</p>
<p><code>download.file()</code> has new method <code>"wininet"</code>, selected as the default by <span>&ndash;internet2</span> or <code>setInternet2()</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><code>parent.env&lt;-</code> can no longer modify the parent of a locked namespace or namespace imports environment. Contributed by Karl Millar.</li>
<li>New function <code>isLoadedNamespace()</code> for readability and speed.</li>
<li><code>names(env)</code> now returns all the object names of an <code>environment</code> <code>env</code>, equivalently to <code>ls(env, all.names = TRUE, sorted = FALSE)</code> and also to the names of the corresponding list,<code>names(as.list(env, all.names = TRUE))</code>. Note that although <code>names()</code> returns a character vector, the names have no particular ordering.</li>
<li>The memory manager now grows the heap more aggressively. This reduces the number of garbage collections, in particular while data or code are loaded, at the expense of slightly increasing the memory footprint.</li>
<li>New function <code>trimws()</code> for removing leading/trailing whitespace.</li>
<li><code>cbind()</code> and <code>rbind()</code> now consider S4 inheritance during S3 dispatch and also obey <code>deparse.level</code>.</li>
<li><code>cbind()</code> and <code>rbind()</code> will delegate recursively to <code>methods::cbind2</code> (<code>methods::rbind2</code>) when at least one argument is an S4 object and S3 dispatch fails (due to ambiguity).</li>
<li>(Windows.) <code>download.file(quiet = FALSE)</code> now uses text rather than Windows progress bars in non-interactive use.</li>
<li>New function <code>hsearch_db()</code> in package <span>utils</span> for building and retrieving the help search database used by <code>help.search()</code>, along with functions for inspecting the concepts and keywords in the help search database.</li>
<li>New function <code>.getNamespaceInfo()</code>, a no-check version of <code>getNamespaceInfo()</code> mostly for internal speedups.</li>
<li>The help search system now takes <span>keyword</span> entries in Rd files which are not standard keywords (as given in &lsquo;<span>KEYWORDS</span>&rsquo; in the <strong>R</strong> documentation directory) as concepts. For standard keyword entries the corresponding descriptions are additionally taken as concepts.</li>
<li>New <code>lengths()</code> function for getting the lengths of all elements in a list.</li>
<li>New function <code>toTitleCase()</code> in package <span>tools</span>, tailored to package titles.</li>
<li>The matrix methods of <code>cbind()</code> and <code>rbind()</code> allow matrices as inputs which have <em>2^31</em> or more elements. (For <code>cbind()</code>, wish of <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16198" target="_blank">PR#16198</a>.)</li>
<li>The default method of <code>image()</code> has an explicit check for a numeric or logical matrix (which was always required).</li>
<li><code>URLencode()</code> will not by default encode further URLs which appear to be already encoded.</li>
<li><code>BIC(mod)</code> and <code>BIC(mod, mod2)</code> now give non-NA numbers for <code>arima()</code> fitted models, as <code>nobs(mod)</code> now gives the number of &ldquo;used&rdquo; observations for such models. This fixes <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16198" target="_blank">PR#16198</a>, quite differently than proposed there.</li>
<li>The <code>print()</code> methods for <code>"htest"</code>, <code>"pairwise.htest"</code> and <code>"power.htest"</code> objects now have a <code>digits</code> argument defaulting to (a function of) <code>getOption("digits")</code>, and influencing all printed numbers coherently. Unavoidably, this changes the display of such test results in some cases.</li>
<li>Code completion for namespaces now recognizes all loaded namespaces, rather than only the ones that are also attached.</li>
<li>The code completion mechanism can now be replaced by a user-specified completer function, for (temporary) situations where the usual code completion is inappropriate.</li>
<li><code>unzip()</code> will now warn if it is able to detect truncation when unpacking a file of 4GB or more (related to <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16243" target="_blank">PR#16243</a>).</li>
<li><code>methods()</code> reports S4 in addition to S3 methods; output is simplified when the <code>class</code> argument is used. <code>.S3methods()</code> and <code>methods::.S4methods()</code> report S3 and S4 methods separately.</li>
<li>Higher order functions such as the <code>apply</code> functions and <code>Reduce()</code> now force arguments to the functions they apply in order to eliminate undesirable interactions between lazy evaluation and variable capture in closures. This resolves <a href="https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16093" target="_blank">PR#16093</a>.</li>
</ul><p>More at http://cran.rstudio.com/</p><p>Reference: http://www.r-bloggers.com/r-3-2-0-is-released-using-the-installr-package-to-upgrade-in-windows-os/</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
</item>

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