awk '/pattern1/ {Actions}
/pattern2/ {Actions}' file

The working of Awk is as follows
Awk reads the input files one line at a time.
For each line, it matches with given pattern in the given order, if matches performs the corresponding action.
If no pattern matches, no action will be performed.
In the above syntax, either search pattern or action are optional, But not both.
If the search pattern is not given, then Awk performs the given actions for each line of the input.
If the action is not given, print all that lines that matches with the given patterns which is the default action.
Empty braces with out any action does nothing. It wont perform default printing operation.
Each statement in Actions should be delimited by semicolon.
Say you have data.tsv with the following contents:

$ cat data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
By default Awk prints every line from the file.

$ awk '{print;}' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
We print the line which matches the pattern contig3

$ awk '/contig3/' data/test.tsv
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
Awk has number of builtin variables. For each record i.e line, it splits the record delimited by whitespace character by default and stores it in the $n variables. If the line has 5 words, it will be stored in $1, $2, $3, $4 and $5. $0 represents the whole line. NF is a builtin variable which represents the total number of fields in a record.

$ awk '{print $1","$2;}' data/test.tsv
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT

$ awk '{print $1","$NF;}' data/test.tsv
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT

Awk has two important patterns which are specified by the keyword called BEGIN and END. The syntax is as follows:

BEGIN { Actions before reading the file}
{Actions for everyline in the file}
END { Actions after reading the file }

For example,
$ awk 'BEGIN{print "Header,Sequence"}{print $1","$2;}END{print "-------"}' data/test.tsv
Header,Sequence
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT
-------
We can also use the concept of a conditional operator in print statement of the form print CONDITION ? PRINT_IF_TRUE_TEXT : PRINT_IF_FALSE_TEXT. For example, in the code below, we identify sequences with lengths > 14:

$ awk '{print (length($2)>14) ? $0">14" : $0"<=14";}' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG>14
contig2 ACTTTATATATT<=14
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA>14
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA>14
contig5 ACTTTATATATT<=14
We can also use 1 after the last block {} to print everything (1 is a shorthand notation for {print $0} which becomes {print} as without any argument print will print $0 by default), and within this block, we can change $0, for example to assign the first field to $0 for third line (NR==3), we can use:

$ awk 'NR==3{$0=$1}1' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
You can have as many blocks as you want and they will be executed on each line in the order they appear, for example, if we want to print $1 three times (here we are using printf instead of print as the former doesn't put end-of-line character),

$ awk '{printf $1"\t"}{printf $1"\t"}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2 contig2
contig3 contig3 contig3
contig4 contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5 contig5
Although, we can also skip executing later blocks for a given line by using next keyword:

$ awk '{printf $1"\t"}NR==3{print "";next}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2
contig3
contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5

$ awk 'NR==3{print "";next}{printf $1"\t"}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2

contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5
You can also use getline to load the contents of another file in addition to the one you are reading, for example, in the statement given below, the while loop will load each line from test.tsv into k until no more lines are to be read:

$ awk 'BEGIN{while((getline k <"data/test.tsv")>0) print "BEGIN:"k}{print}' data/test.tsv
BEGIN:contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
BEGIN:contig2 ACTTTATATATT
BEGIN:contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
BEGIN:contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
BEGIN:contig5 ACTTTATATATT
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
You can also store data in the memory with the syntax VARIABLE_NAME[KEY]=VALUE which you can later use through for (INDEX in VARIABLE_NAME) command:

$ awk '{i[$1]=1}END{for (j in i) print j"<="i[j]}' data/test.tsv
contig1<=1
contig2<=1
contig3<=1
contig4<=1
contig5<=1

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The First time when you login to the remotehost from a localhost, it will display the host key not found message and you can give “yes” to continue. The host key of the remote host will be added under .ssh2/hostkeys directory of your home directory, as shown below.

localhost$ ssh -l jit remotehost.example.com

jit@remotehost.example.com password:

remotehost.example.com$

The Second time when you login to the remote host from the localhost, it will prompt only for the password as the remote host key is already added to the known hosts list of the ssh client.

localhost$ ssh -l jit remotehost.example.com
jit@remotehost.example.com password:
remotehost.example.com$

For some reason, if the host key of the remote host is changed after you logged in for the first time, you may get a warning message as shown below. This could be because of various reasons such as 1) Sysadmin upgraded/reinstalled the SSH server on the remote host 2) someone is doing malicious activity etc., The best possible action to take before saying “yes” to the message below, is to call your sysadmin and identify why you got the host key changed message and verify whether it is the correct host key or not.

localhost$ ssh -l jit remotehost.example.com

jit @remotehost.example.com's password:
remotehost$

4. Debug SSH Client:

Sometimes it is necessary to view debug messages to troubleshoot any SSH connection issues. For this purpose, pass -v (lowercase v) option to the ssh as shown below.

Example without debug message:

        localhost$ ssh -l jit remotehost.example.com
        warning: Connecting to remotehost.example.com failed: No address associated to the name
        localhost$

Example with debug message:

        locaclhost$ ssh -v -l jit remotehost.example.com
        debug: SshConfig/sshconfig.c:2838/ssh2_parse_config_ext: Metaconfig parsing stopped at line 3.
        debug: SshConfig/sshconfig.c:637/ssh_config_set_param_verbose: Setting variable 'VerboseMode' to 'FALSE'.
        debug: SshConfig/sshconfig.c:3130/ssh_config_read_file_ext: Read 17 params from config file.
        debug: Ssh2/ssh2.c:1707/main: User config file not found, using defaults. (Looked for '/home/jit/.ssh2/ssh2_config')
        debug: Connecting to remotehost.example.com, port 22... (SOCKS not used)
        warning: Connecting to remotehost.example.com failed: No address associated to

5. Escape Character: (Toggle SSH session, SSH session statistics etc.)

Escape character ~ get’s SSH clients attention and the character following the ~ determines the escape command.
Toggle SSH Session: When you’ve logged on to the remotehost using ssh from the localhost, you may want to come back to the localhost to perform some activity and go back to remote host again. In this case, you don’t need to disconnect the ssh session to the remote host. Instead follow the steps below.

i. Login to remotehost from localhost: localhost$ssh -l jit remotehost
ii. Now you are connected to the remotehost: remotehost$
iii. To come back to the localhost temporarily, type the escape character ~ and Control-Z. When you type ~ you will not see that immediately on the screen until you press and press enter. So, on the remotehost in a new line enter the following key strokes for the below to work: ~

    remotehost$ ~^Z
    [1]+  Stopped                 ssh -l jit remotehost
    localhost$

iv. Now you are back to the localhost and the ssh remotehost client session runs as a typical unix background job, which you can check as shown below:

    localhost$ jobs
    [1]+  Stopped                 ssh -l jit remotehost

v. You can go back to the remote host ssh without entering the password again by bringing the background ssh remotehost session job to foreground on the localhost

    localhost$ fg %1
    ssh -l jit remotehost
    remotehost$

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