Disclaimer: This cartoon is solely designed to create humour and fun, not to offend any computer experts.

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/ryanmelnyk/PyParanoid

Problem :

The CG island is a stretch of DNA (usually longer than 200 bases) in which the frequency of the CG sequence is higher than other regions. It is also called the CpG island, where "p" simply indicates that "C" and "G" are connected by a phosphodiester bond.

CpG islands are often located around the promoters of housekeeping genes (which are essential for general cell functions) or other genes frequently expressed in a cell. At these locations, the CG sequence is not methylated. By contrast, the CG sequences in inactive genes are usually methylated to suppress their expression. The methylated cytosine may be converted to thymine by accidental deamination. Unlike the cytosine to uracil mutation which is efficiently repaired, the cytosine to thymine mutation can be corrected only by the mismatch repair which is very inefficient. Hence, over evolutionary time scales, the methylated CG sequence will be converted to the TG sequence.

Find step wise explanationand implementation steps at http://dna.cs.byu.edu/bio465/Labs/hmm.shtml

Source code with explanation http://www.tannerhelland.com/1187/hidden-markov-models-viterbi-algorithm-cpg-islands-in-vb6/

Fore detail understanding of HMM read this excellent tutorial http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Software/HMM/labman2.pdf

Viterbi Algo at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbi_path

For firther reading Wiki page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model

On CpG island paper and for indepth understanding http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/S2/S10

If you are more interested in exploring Markov Chain Exploration and understand it with graphical version please visit http://www.planet-source-code.com/vb/scripts/ShowCode.asp?txtCodeId=75049&lngWId=1

Reference:

1.http://www.planet-source-code.com

2. http://www.tannerhelland.com

• Freyman, W.A., Johnson, M.G., and C.J. Rothfels. 2022. Homologizer: phylogenetic phasing of gene copies into polyploid subgenomes. bioRxiv 2020.10.22.351486v4

homologizer is implemented in RevBayes. Please see http://revbayes.com to download and install RevBayes. For users without previous RevBayes experience, we recommend the tutorials at http://revbayes.com.

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/wf8/homologizer

the study of the sequence-structure relationship
(application -> structure prediction)
the study of the structure-function relationship
(application -> function prediction)

Therefore, anything related to the configuration (sequence) and conformation (structure) in atomic systems of proteins and nucleic acids, and the interaction of these with other elements (function) is of our major interest.

Lab page @ http://melolab.org/mbl/

It takes as an input a set of genomes represented as sequences of genes (or synteny blocks) and produces such sequences for ancestral genomes at the internal nodes of the phylogenetic tree.

The phylogenetic tree may be also specified completely or partially, in the latter case MGRA can reconstruct conserved ancestral regions (CARs) of the ancestral genome of interest.

Since version 2 MGRA supports gene insertion and deletions in addition to genome rearrangements and allows the input genomes to have different gene content.

It also can reconstruct most plausible phylogenetic tree based on the rearrangement characters.

Address of the bookmark: http://mgra.cblab.org/

1 Scientist E 3

50,000/-

M.Sc. in Life sciences or Plant Sciences or Biotechnology or Microbiology or Bioinformatics or Ph.D. from a recognized university in any of above subject.

Minimum 8 Yrs. of experience after M.Sc. or 5 Yrs. of experience after Ph.D. in responsible position of work in R & D in the area of genomics/ conservation biotechnology/bioinformatics/Planning/Scientific Administration in Science and technology organization. Highly qualified in the area of modern biology, as evidenced through research experience and proven ability to carry out work in the area of conservation biotechnology. Age limit not exceeding 40yrs.

2 Scientist B 6

30,000/-

M.Sc. in Life sciences or Plant Sciences or Biotechnology or Microbiology or Bioinformatics or Ph.D. from a recognized university in any of above subject shall be preferred.

Minimum 3 Yrs. of experience after M.Sc. in responsible position of work in R & D in the area of genomics/ conservation biotechnology/ bioinformatics /Planning/Scientific Administration in Science and technology organization. Highly qualified in the area of modern biology, as evidenced through research experience and proven ability to carry out work in the area of conservation biotechnology. Age limit not exceeding 35yrs.

The positions are purely on contractual basis for 11 months. Interested candidates can apply online in specified format available at "http://leogen.in/recruit/" The last date of applying is 24th December, 2013. Applications must be submitted online only. Applications submitted in any other format except online prescribed performa will be rejected. Candidates in service must apply through proper channel. Candidates will be required to provide original documents along with duly filled and signed application Performa, as and when called for interview.

For more details please visit the website URL : http://leogen.in/recruit

Once a query gene has been entered, it is displayed in its genomic context in parallel to the genomic context of all its orthologous and paralogous copies in all the other sequenced metazoan genomes. Moreover, Genomicus stores and displays the predicted ancestral genome structure in all the ancestral species within the phylogenetic range of interest.

All the data on extant species displayed in this browser are from Ensembl.

Address of the bookmark: http://genomicus.biologie.ens.fr/genomicus-90.01/cgi-bin/search.pl

Availability and implementation: Source code and binaries are freely available at https://github.com/rrwick/Bandage. Bandage is implemented in C++ and supported on Linux, OS X and Windows. A full feature list and screenshots are available at http://rrwick.github.io/Bandage.

Address of the bookmark: http://rrwick.github.io/Bandage/

Translational recoding.

RNA editing.

Evolution of the genetic code and translation.

More at http://lapti.ucc.ie/research.html

Lab page http://lapti.ucc.ie/index.html