Problem :

The CG island is a stretch of DNA (usually longer than 200 bases) in which the frequency of the CG sequence is higher than other regions. It is also called the CpG island, where "p" simply indicates that "C" and "G" are connected by a phosphodiester bond.

CpG islands are often located around the promoters of housekeeping genes (which are essential for general cell functions) or other genes frequently expressed in a cell. At these locations, the CG sequence is not methylated. By contrast, the CG sequences in inactive genes are usually methylated to suppress their expression. The methylated cytosine may be converted to thymine by accidental deamination. Unlike the cytosine to uracil mutation which is efficiently repaired, the cytosine to thymine mutation can be corrected only by the mismatch repair which is very inefficient. Hence, over evolutionary time scales, the methylated CG sequence will be converted to the TG sequence.

Find step wise explanationand implementation steps at http://dna.cs.byu.edu/bio465/Labs/hmm.shtml

Source code with explanation http://www.tannerhelland.com/1187/hidden-markov-models-viterbi-algorithm-cpg-islands-in-vb6/

Fore detail understanding of HMM read this excellent tutorial http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Software/HMM/labman2.pdf

Viterbi Algo at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbi_path

For firther reading Wiki page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model

On CpG island paper and for indepth understanding http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/S2/S10

If you are more interested in exploring Markov Chain Exploration and understand it with graphical version please visit http://www.planet-source-code.com/vb/scripts/ShowCode.asp?txtCodeId=75049&lngWId=1

Reference:

1.http://www.planet-source-code.com

2. http://www.tannerhelland.com

➜ bloomfilter git:(master) ✗ swig -Wall -c++ -perl5 BloomFilter.i
➜ bloomfilter git:(master) ✗ g++ -c BloomFilter_wrap.cxx -I/home/urbe/anaconda3/lib/perl5/5.22.0/x86_64-linux-thread-multi/CORE/ -fPIC -Dbool=char -O3
BloomFilter_wrap.cxx:1892:30: fatal error: ../BloomFilter.hpp: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
➜ bloomfilter git:(master) ✗ cd swig
➜ swig git:(master) ✗ g++ -c BloomFilter_wrap.cxx -I/home/urbe/anaconda3/lib/perl5/5.22.0/x86_64-linux-thread-multi/CORE/ -fPIC -Dbool=char -O3
In file included from BloomFilter_wrap.cxx:1877:0:
../BloomFilter.hpp: In member function ‘void BloomFilter::loadHeader(FILE*)’:
../BloomFilter.hpp:141:59: warning: ignoring return value of ‘size_t fread(void*, size_t, size_t, FILE*)’, declared with attribute warn_unused_result [-Wunused-result]
fread(&header, sizeof(struct FileHeader), 1, file);
^
➜ swig git:(master) ✗ g++ -Wall -shared BloomFilter_wrap.o -o BloomFilter.so -O3
➜ swig git:(master) ✗ cd ..
➜ bloomfilter git:(master) ✗ cd ..
➜ lib git:(master) ✗ cd ..
➜ bin git:(master) ✗ ./LINKS
Usage: ./LINKS [v1.8.6]
-f sequences to scaffold (Multi-FASTA format, required)
-s file-of-filenames, full path to long sequence reads or MPET pairs [see below] (Multi-FASTA/fastq format, required)
-m MPET reads (default -m 1 = yes, default = no, optional)
! DO NOT SET IF NOT USING MPET. WHEN SET, LINKS WILL EXPECT A SPECIAL FORMAT UNDER -s
! Paired MPET reads in their original outward orientation <- -> must be separated by ":"
>template_name
ACGACACTATGCATAAGCAGACGAGCAGCGACGCAGCACG:ATATATAGCGCACGACGCAGCACAGCAGCAGACGAC
-d distance between k-mer pairs (ie. target distances to re-scaffold on. default -d 4000, optional)
Multiple distances are separated by comma. eg. -d 500,1000,2000,3000
-k k-mer value (default -k 15, optional)
-t step of sliding window when extracting k-mer pairs from long reads (default -t 2, optional)
Multiple steps are separated by comma. eg. -t 10,5
-o offset position for extracting k-mer pairs (default -o 0, optional)
-e error (%) allowed on -d distance e.g. -e 0.1 == distance +/- 10% (default -e 0.1, optional)
-l minimum number of links (k-mer pairs) to compute scaffold (default -l 5, optional)
-a maximum link ratio between two best contig pairs (default -a 0.3, optional)
*higher values lead to least accurate scaffolding*
-z minimum contig length to consider for scaffolding (default -z 500, optional)
-b base name for your output files (optional)
-r Bloom filter input file for sequences supplied in -s (optional, if none provided will output to .bloom)
NOTE: BLOOM FILTER MUST BE DERIVED FROM THE SAME FILE SUPPLIED IN -f WITH SAME -k VALUE
IF YOU DO NOT SUPPLY A BLOOM FILTER, ONE WILL BE CREATED (.bloom)
-p Bloom filter false positive rate (default -p 0.001, optional; increase to prevent memory allocation errors)
-x Turn off Bloom filter functionality (-x 1 = yes, default = no, optional)
-v Runs in verbose mode (-v 1 = yes, default = no, optional)

Error: Missing mandatory options -f and -s.

ERROR fixed

perl: symbol lookup error: /home/urbe/Tools/LINKS_new/bin/./lib/bloomfilter/swig/BloomFilter.so: undefined symbol: Perl_Gthr_key_ptr

the study of the sequence-structure relationship
(application -> structure prediction)
the study of the structure-function relationship
(application -> function prediction)

Therefore, anything related to the configuration (sequence) and conformation (structure) in atomic systems of proteins and nucleic acids, and the interaction of these with other elements (function) is of our major interest.

Lab page @ http://melolab.org/mbl/

This script has been modified by others to convert InDels as well, e.g. this by David Eccles

./vcf2fq.pl -f <input.fasta> <all-site.vcf> > <output.fastq>

https://github.com/gringer/bioinfscripts/blob/master/vcf2fq.pl

https://github.com/lh3/samtools/blob/master/bcftools/vcfutils.pl

1 Scientist E 3

50,000/-

M.Sc. in Life sciences or Plant Sciences or Biotechnology or Microbiology or Bioinformatics or Ph.D. from a recognized university in any of above subject.

Minimum 8 Yrs. of experience after M.Sc. or 5 Yrs. of experience after Ph.D. in responsible position of work in R & D in the area of genomics/ conservation biotechnology/bioinformatics/Planning/Scientific Administration in Science and technology organization. Highly qualified in the area of modern biology, as evidenced through research experience and proven ability to carry out work in the area of conservation biotechnology. Age limit not exceeding 40yrs.

2 Scientist B 6

30,000/-

M.Sc. in Life sciences or Plant Sciences or Biotechnology or Microbiology or Bioinformatics or Ph.D. from a recognized university in any of above subject shall be preferred.

Minimum 3 Yrs. of experience after M.Sc. in responsible position of work in R & D in the area of genomics/ conservation biotechnology/ bioinformatics /Planning/Scientific Administration in Science and technology organization. Highly qualified in the area of modern biology, as evidenced through research experience and proven ability to carry out work in the area of conservation biotechnology. Age limit not exceeding 35yrs.

The positions are purely on contractual basis for 11 months. Interested candidates can apply online in specified format available at "http://leogen.in/recruit/" The last date of applying is 24th December, 2013. Applications must be submitted online only. Applications submitted in any other format except online prescribed performa will be rejected. Candidates in service must apply through proper channel. Candidates will be required to provide original documents along with duly filled and signed application Performa, as and when called for interview.

For more details please visit the website URL : http://leogen.in/recruit

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/CAFS-bioinformatics/LR_Gapcloser

Translational recoding.

RNA editing.

Evolution of the genetic code and translation.

More at http://lapti.ucc.ie/research.html

Lab page http://lapti.ucc.ie/index.html

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/rhysf/Synima

Name of the fellowship: Junior Research Fellow (JRF) / Project Fellow

Title of the project: Genome-wide Mapping of Murine Specific Dengue T-cell Epitopes: Computational Prediction, Identification and use as Candidate Vaccines

Duration: 3 years

Fellowship: Rs. 18,000 for first 2 years and Rs. 20,000 for 3rdyear (for M.Tech. candidates)

Rs. 16,000 for first 2 years and Rs. 18,000 for 3rdyear (for M.Sc. candidates with NET qualification)

Rs. 8,000 for first 2 years and Rs. 10,000 for 3rdyear (for M.Sc. candidates without NET qualification)

Qualifications: M.Tech. in Biotechnology / M.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences

Desirable Experience: Minimum of two years research experience in any of the following areas: Immunology / Microbiology / Gene Manipulation / Bioinformatics

Interested and eligible candidates may apply with their resume along with relevant documents and a passport size photograph to the Principal Investigator by post (or e-mail) on or before December 31, 2013. Only short listed candidates will be called for written test and/or interview. Selected candidate may register for PhD in Kalasalingam University. No TA/DA will be paid for attending interview.

Dr. K. Sundar
Principal Investigator (SERB Project)
Department of Biotechnology
Kalasalingam University
Krishnankoil – 626126, Tamil Nadu
sundarkr@klu.ac.in

https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baw084/2630454

Address of the bookmark: http://ani.mypathogen.cn/