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	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/29004?offset=1410</link>
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	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	
	<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/6720/rna-sequencing-helps-identify-functional-variants-from-gwas</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 22 Nov 2013 21:33:33 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/6720/rna-sequencing-helps-identify-functional-variants-from-gwas</link>
	<title><![CDATA[RNA Sequencing Helps Identify Functional Variants from GWAS]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>For Alzheimer&rsquo;s and other complex disorders, mining the genome for disease-associated variants is no longer the obstacle. The challenge nowadays is figuring out how the identified loci relate to disease. As reported last month in Nature and its associated journals, advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing are providing new tools for understanding how disease loci influence gene expression&mdash;a starting point for understanding their connection to pathogenesis.</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://schizophreniaforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1953" rel="nofollow">http://schizophreniaforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1953</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Andaleeb</dc:creator>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/23537/research-associate-bioinformatics-central-institute-for-research-on-buffaloes-cirb-hisar-haryana</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2015 10:19:45 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Research Associate Bioinformatics Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB) - Hisar, Haryana]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Research Associate (RA) under Network Project on Agricultural Bioinformatics</p>

<p>Name of the Project : Network Project on Agricultural Bioinformatics Number of positions One<br />Qualifications : Ph.D Degree in Bioinformatics/Biotechnology/ Biochemistry/Genetics &amp; Breeding/Life Sciences OR Master’s Degree in relevant subject with at least 2 years research experience. Desirable : Working experience in Molecular Biology/Genomics/Bioinformatics, specifically, sequence data analysis using software’s proficiently</p>

<p>Emoluments : Masters Degree Holders Rs. 38,000/- per month Doctoral Degree Holders Rs. 40,000/- per month</p>

<p>Emoluments : Rs.25000/- per month for 1st and 2nd year and Rs. 28000/- per month for 3rd year<br />Age Limit : Upper age limit is 35 years for men and 40 years for women on the date of interview. Age relaxation for SC/ST and OBC candidates as per rules</p>

<p>More at http://www.cirb.res.in/attachments/195_walk-in-interview%20for%20contractual%20positions%20of%20RA%20and%20SRF%20%28On%20Dated%2011.8.2015%29.pdf</p>
]]></description>
</item>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/41046/iseqqc-a-tool-for-expression-based-quality-control-in-rna-sequencing</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 16 Feb 2020 08:47:17 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/41046/iseqqc-a-tool-for-expression-based-quality-control-in-rna-sequencing</link>
	<title><![CDATA[iSeqQC: a tool for expression-based quality control in RNA sequencing]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>iSeqQC, an expression-based QC tool that detects outliers either produced due to variable laboratory conditions or due to dissimilarity within a phenotypic group. iSeqQC implements various statistical approaches including unsupervised clustering, agglomerative hierarchical clustering and correlation coefficients to provide insight into outliers.</span></p>
<p><a href="http://cancerwebpa.jefferson.edu/iSeqQC/">http://cancerwebpa.jefferson.edu/iSeqQC/</a></p>
<p><a href="https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-020-3399-8">https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-020-3399-8</a></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/gkumar09/iSeqQC" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/gkumar09/iSeqQC</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioStar</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21022/ra-bioinformatics-at-tezpur-university</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2015 04:11:23 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[RA Bioinformatics at TEZPUR UNIVERSITY]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Walk-in-interview will be held on 23 February, 2015 at 11.00 a.m. for the following temporary positions in the DBT (U-EXCEL) sponsored project entitled “Sequencing genomes of some bacteria that invade/resides in tomato plant” under the Principal Investigator Dr. Suvendra Kumar Ray, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University.</p>

<p>Interested candidates may appear before the interview board on 23 February, 2015 at the Office of the Head, Department of Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology, Tezpur University with original documents and photocopies of marks sheets, certificates, testimonials, caste certificate (if applicable), experience certificate and a copy of curriculum vitae (CV) duly signed by the candidate.</p>

<p>Position: One (01) Research Associate.</p>

<p>Educational Qualification: Candidates having Ph.D. degree or submitted thesis in any topic of Life Science Areas (Zoology, Botany, Microbiology, Biotechnology etc.) along with knowledge of gene and protein sequence analysis may apply.</p>

<p>Remuneration: Rs. 22,000/- (Rupees twenty two thousand) only + 10% HRA as admissible per month for the first year and Rs. 23,000/- (Rupees twenty three thousand) only + 10% HRA as admissible per month for the second year.</p>

<p>Age: Candidate preferably below the age of 40 years who have obtained a doctorate (Ph.D.) degree from a recognized University.</p>

<p>Upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years in the case of candidates belonging SC/ST/OBC/Women and physically challenged.</p>

<p>Position: One (01) Project Assistant.</p>

<p>Educational Qualification: B.Sc./B.Tech./B.E./B.Pharma in any branch with minimum 55% mark in the qualifying examinations and minimum 50 % mark in 10th and 10+2 Science examinations.</p>

<p>Remuneration: Rs. 8,000/- (Rupees eight thousand) only per month (consolidated). Age: Candidate should not be more than 28 years of age on the date of interview. Upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years in the case of candidate belonging to SC/ST/OBC/Women/Physically Challenged.</p>

<p>Duration: One year or till completion of the project, whichever is earlier. N.B. No TA/DA will be paid to the candidates for attending the interview.</p>

<p>For further information contact – Dr. Suvendra Kumar Ray, Associate Professor Email: suven@tezu.ernet.in Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Tezpur University Sd/- Dean, Research &amp; Development Tezpur University</p>

<p>Advertisement: http://www.tezu.ernet.in/ProjectWalkin/Advt-SKR2-5342-A.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/42033/seastar-systematic-evaluation-of-alternative-start-site-in-rna</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2020 09:54:27 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/42033/seastar-systematic-evaluation-of-alternative-start-site-in-rna</link>
	<title><![CDATA[SEASTAR: Systematic Evaluation of Alternative STArt site in RNA]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>SEASTAR (Systematic Evaluation of Alternative STArt site in RNA) is a software package for Transcription Start Site (TSS) identification and quantification using only RNA-seq data. It assembles novel TSSs based only on RNA-Seq data and merges them with known TSSs from a public database. This package enables high-quality TSS identification that is comparable to the highly sophisticated CAGE technology. This package is particularly useful for finding novel TSSs that contribute to transcriptome complexity along with identifying differential promoter utilization.</p>
<p>version 1.0.0 - updates several descriptions and tests. To achieve v0.9.4, one can visit&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/zhyqin/SEASTAR-0.9.4">https://github.com/zhyqin/SEASTAR-0.9.4</a>&nbsp;for download.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/Xinglab/SEASTAR" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/Xinglab/SEASTAR</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioStar</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21095/ra-walk-in-interview-actrec</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2015 01:06:16 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[RA WALK-IN-INTERVIEW @ ACTREC]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>No. ACTREC/Advt./ 7 /2015</p>

<p>Title of the Project<br />Research Associate<br />(One position)<br />DBTs Biotechnology/Bioinformatics training centre<br />PI Dr. Ashok Varma	</p>

<p>Duration of the Project Six Months from the date of appointment, can be extended further for six month.</p>

<p>Date &amp; Time: 17th February, 2015 at 10.00 a.m.</p>

<p>Venue: Meeting Room, 3rd floor, Khanolkar Shodhika, ACTREC</p>

<p>Essential Qualifications and Experience:</p>

<p>Ph.D. Degree in Basic Sciences from recognized University. Research experience in Bioinformatics or on gene cloning, protein purification, and crystallization.</p>

<p>*M.Sc. degree obtained after a one year course will not be considered.</p>

<p>Selected candidate will have to join at the earliest.</p>

<p>Consolidated Salary: Rs.28,600/- p.m. {Rs.22,000/- + 30% HRA}</p>

<p>The work progress of the candidate will be monitored and extension after 6 months will depend on satisfactory progress of the work.</p>

<p>Candidates fulfilling these requirements should pre-register by sending their application in the prescribed format with recent CV and contact details of 2 referees by e-mail to ‘program.office@actrec.gov.in’ latest by 17.00 hrs on 12-02-2015.<br />The interviews would be held on 17th February, 2015 and will be only for the pre-registered candidates. Candidates should report between 09.30 to 10.00 a.m. in Steno Pool, 3rd floor, Khanolkar Shodhika, ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai.<br />No T.A./D.A. will be admissible for attending the interview.</p>

<p>At the time of Interview the candidate should bring original certificates along with CV with contact details of 2 referees and submit the photocopies (attested) of the certificates, with a recent passport size photograph.</p>

<p>All correspondence should be strictly made only to ‘program.office@actrec.gov.in’ as indicated.</p>

<p>Advertisement: www.actrec.gov.in/data%20files/2015/AV-RA-DBT-28-1-15.docx</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44713/understanding-rna-seq-normalization-methods-tpm-vs-fpkm-vs-cpm</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 00:59:15 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44713/understanding-rna-seq-normalization-methods-tpm-vs-fpkm-vs-cpm</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Understanding RNA-Seq Normalization Methods: TPM vs. FPKM vs. CPM]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful technology used to study transcriptomes, providing insights into gene expression levels. However, raw RNA-Seq data requires normalization to account for sequencing depth and gene length, enabling accurate comparisons between genes and samples. Among the most widely used normalization methods are TPM (Transcripts Per Million), FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million), and CPM (Counts Per Million). Each method has its unique principles and applications, which we&rsquo;ll explore in this blog.</p><h2>Why Normalize RNA-Seq Data?</h2><p>Normalization is a crucial step in RNA-Seq analysis for the following reasons:</p><ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Sequencing depth:</strong> Different RNA-Seq experiments produce varying numbers of reads, making direct comparisons between samples misleading.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Gene length:</strong> Longer genes inherently generate more reads, irrespective of their actual expression level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Bias reduction:</strong> Normalization mitigates technical biases, enabling meaningful biological interpretation.</p>
</li>
</ul><h2>TPM (Transcripts Per Million)</h2><p>TPM measures the proportion of reads mapped to a transcript, normalized by transcript length and sequencing depth. It is calculated as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Proportionality:</strong> TPM values sum to 1,000,000 across all transcripts in a sample, making it easier to compare between samples.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Intuitive interpretation:</strong> TPM values directly represent the abundance of transcripts in a sample.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Preferred for comparisons:</strong> TPM facilitates between-sample comparisons better than FPKM.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million)</h2><p>FPKM normalizes read counts by transcript length and sequencing depth, but without enforcing proportionality like TPM. It is defined as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Historical significance:</strong> FPKM was one of the first normalization methods used for RNA-Seq.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Single-end vs. paired-end:</strong> In paired-end sequencing, FPKM becomes RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase Million).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Limited utility:</strong> FPKM values are not as robust as TPM for cross-sample comparisons due to lack of proportionality.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>CPM (Counts Per Million)</h2><p>CPM normalizes raw read counts by sequencing depth, without considering gene length. It is expressed as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Simplicity:</strong> CPM is straightforward and computationally less intensive.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Application:</strong> Suitable for non-length-dependent analyses, such as comparing total expression levels or differential expression analysis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Gene length agnostic:</strong> CPM does not correct for gene length, making it less ideal for measuring expression levels.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>When to Use Each Method</h2><ul>
<li>
<p><strong>TPM:</strong> Best for comparing expression levels between samples, especially when transcript length and sequencing depth vary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>FPKM:</strong> Useful for historical consistency but generally replaced by TPM.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>CPM:</strong> Ideal for differential expression analysis when gene length normalization is unnecessary.</p>
</li>
</ul><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Choosing the right normalization method depends on the specific objectives of your RNA-Seq analysis. TPM&rsquo;s proportionality and robustness make it the preferred choice for most applications, while CPM serves well for differential expression studies. Although FPKM paved the way for RNA-Seq normalization, it has largely been supplanted by TPM in modern workflows. Understanding these methods and their nuances ensures accurate and meaningful interpretations of RNA-Seq data.</p><h3>References:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p>Li, B., &amp; Dewey, C. N. (2011). RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. <em>BMC Bioinformatics.</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Trapnell, C., et al. (2010). Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. <em>Nature Biotechnology.</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Law, C. W., et al. (2014). voom: precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts. <em>Genome Biology.</em></p>
</li>
</ol>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21242/summer-intern-research-bioinformatics</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2015 12:26:32 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Summer Intern - Research Bioinformatics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Be proficient in LINUX, know perl or python, understand biology and Next Generation Sequencing.<br />The intern will port Agile Assay Design pipelines into Galaxy.<br />The intern will also learn to develope his/her own bioinformatics pipelines for PCR or NGS data analysis.</p>

<p>Who you are<br />You’re someone who wants to influence your own development. You’re looking for a company where you have the opportunity to pursue your interests across functions and geographies. Where a job title is not considered the final definition of who you are, but the starting point.</p>

<p>Qualifications:<br />Major: Bioinformatcis or biology major who is interested and wants to learn Biocomputing, At least 2 years of college.<br />Basic knowledge of LINUX and programming, e.g., perl, python, XML.</p>

<p>More at http://www.roche.com/careers/jobs/jobsearch/job.htm?id=E-00437679&amp;locale=en&amp;title=Summer%20Intern%20-%20Research%20Bioinformatics</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35550/circoletto-visualizing-sequence-similarity-with-circos</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2018 10:23:40 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35550/circoletto-visualizing-sequence-similarity-with-circos</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Circoletto: visualizing sequence similarity with Circos]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>Circoletto, an online visualization tool based on Circos, which provides a fast, aesthetically pleasing and informative overview of sequence similarity search results.</span></p>
<p>Online version and downloadable software package for offline use (source code in PERL) freely available at&nbsp;<a href="http://bat.ina.certh.gr/tools/circoletto/" target="">http://bat.ina.certh.gr/tools/circoletto/</a></p>
<p><strong>Contact:</strong><a href="mailto:ndarz@certh.gr" target="">ndarz@certh.gr</a></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://tools.bat.infspire.org/circoletto/" rel="nofollow">http://tools.bat.infspire.org/circoletto/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/21436/jrf-bioinformatics-iisr-kozhikode</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2015 08:44:17 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[JRF Bioinformatics @ IISR, Kozhikode]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>JRF Bioinformatics Jobs recruitment in Indian Institute of Spices Research on temporary basis</p>

<p>Name of the Scheme : Distributed Information Sub Centre – DISC</p>

<p>Qualifications :  M.Sc/ B Tech in Bioinformatics with NET/GATE or M Tech in Bioinformatics</p>

<p>Number of posts : One</p>

<p>Emoluments : Rs. 25,000/-</p>

<p>Upper age limit : 35 years for Men &amp; 40 years for Women as on date of Interview<br />How to apply</p>

<p>Date of Interview : 12-03-2015 at 10.00 AM. All relevant certificates (in original) and bio data, No objection certificate in case he/she is employed elsewhere and experience certificate in original (if any) need to be produced at the time of interview.</p>

<p>More at http://spices.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=263</p>
]]></description>
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