• the Damerau–Levenshtein distance allows insertion, deletion, substitution, and the transposition of two adjacent characters;
• the longest common subsequence (LCS) distance allows only insertion and deletion, not substitution;
• the Hamming distance allows only substitution, hence, it only applies to strings of the same length.
• the Jaro distance allows only transposition.

use Text::Levenshtein qw(distance);

 print distance("foo","four");
 # prints "2"

 my @words     = qw/ four foo bar /;
 my @distances = distance("foo",@words);

 print "@distances";
 # prints "2 0 3"

use Algorithm::LCSS qw( LCSS CSS CSS_Sorted );
    my $lcss_ary_ref = LCSS( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );  # ref to array
    my $lcss_string  = LCSS( $STR1, $STR2 );    # string
    my $css_ary_ref = CSS( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );    # ref to array of arrays
    my $css_str_ref = CSS( $STR1, $STR2 );      # ref to array of strings
    my $css_ary_ref = CSS_Sorted( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );  # ref to array of arrays
    my $css_str_ref = CSS_Sorted( $STR1, $STR2 );    # ref to array of strings

There are many different modules on CPAN for calculating the edit distance between two strings. Here's just a selection.

Text::LevenshteinXS and Text::Levenshtein::XS are both versions of the Levenshtein algorithm that require a C compiler, but will be a lot faster than this module.

The Damerau-Levenshtein edit distance is like the Levenshtein distance, but in addition to insertion, deletion and substitution, it also considers the transposition of two adjacent characters to be a single edit. The module Text::Levenshtein::Damerau defaults to using a pure perl implementation, but if you've installed Text::Levenshtein::Damerau::XS then it will be a lot quicker.

Text::WagnerFischer is an implementation of the Wagner-Fischer edit distance, which is similar to the Levenshtein, but applies different weights to each edit type.

Text::Brew is an implementation of the Brew edit distance, which is another algorithm based on edit weights.

Text::Fuzzy provides a number of operations for partial or fuzzy matching of text based on edit distance. Text::Fuzzy::PP is a pure perl implementation of the same interface.

String::Similarity takes two strings and returns a value between 0 (meaning entirely different) and 1 (meaning identical). Apparently based on edit distance.

Text::Dice calculates Dice's coefficient for two strings. This formula was originally developed to measure the similarity of two different populations in ecological research.

CRI-FEM hosts GMPF, an International PhD Program in Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Fruit Crops and Fox-Lab, an international initiative in forest and wood research.
4 positions in high throughput computational metagenomics and systems biology of natural products - deadline September 30th, 2013

To support interdisciplinary research, CRI-FEM has established the Computational Biology Centre (CBC).

The mission of CBC is to develop systems-level integrative approaches connecting genotype to phenotype with a special focus on genome-wide analyses and next generation sequencing technologies.

CRI-FEM is seeking to attract 4 high calibre scientists in the areas of high throughput computational metagenomics and systems biology of natural products.

Here below the list of the 4 positions:

http://www.fmach.it/eng/Servizi-Generali/Lavora-con-noi/Annunci-lavoro-e-borse-di-studio/Details-of-the-5-positions-in-high-throughput-computational-metagenomics-and-systems-biology-of-natural-products-deadline-September-30th-2013/Post-doc-in-Metagenomics-screening-and-characterization-of-bioactive-microbial-compounds-130_CRI_MSC

http://www.fmach.it/eng/Servizi-Generali/Lavora-con-noi/Annunci-lavoro-e-borse-di-studio/Details-of-the-5-positions-in-high-throughput-computational-metagenomics-and-systems-biology-of-natural-products-deadline-September-30th-2013/Post-doc-in-Modeling-transcriptional-control-programs-at-a-genome-wide-scale-131_CRI_TCP

http://www.fmach.it/eng/Servizi-Generali/Lavora-con-noi/Annunci-lavoro-e-borse-di-studio/Details-of-the-5-positions-in-high-throughput-computational-metagenomics-and-systems-biology-of-natural-products-deadline-September-30th-2013/Technologist-in-Purification-of-plant-bioactive-molecules-from-complex-matrixes-132_CRI_PBM

http://www.fmach.it/eng/Servizi-Generali/Lavora-con-noi/Annunci-lavoro-e-borse-di-studio/Details-of-the-5-positions-in-high-throughput-computational-metagenomics-and-systems-biology-of-natural-products-deadline-September-30th-2013/Researcher-in-Methods-for-algorithmic-and-integrative-genomics-for-metagenomics-134_CRI_AIG

For more information on the CBC or informal inquiries on the advertised positions please contact Dr Duccio Cavalieri (e-mail duccio.cavalieri@fmach.it).

awk '/pattern1/ {Actions}
/pattern2/ {Actions}' file

The working of Awk is as follows
Awk reads the input files one line at a time.
For each line, it matches with given pattern in the given order, if matches performs the corresponding action.
If no pattern matches, no action will be performed.
In the above syntax, either search pattern or action are optional, But not both.
If the search pattern is not given, then Awk performs the given actions for each line of the input.
If the action is not given, print all that lines that matches with the given patterns which is the default action.
Empty braces with out any action does nothing. It wont perform default printing operation.
Each statement in Actions should be delimited by semicolon.
Say you have data.tsv with the following contents:

$ cat data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
By default Awk prints every line from the file.

$ awk '{print;}' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
We print the line which matches the pattern contig3

$ awk '/contig3/' data/test.tsv
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
Awk has number of builtin variables. For each record i.e line, it splits the record delimited by whitespace character by default and stores it in the $n variables. If the line has 5 words, it will be stored in $1, $2, $3, $4 and $5. $0 represents the whole line. NF is a builtin variable which represents the total number of fields in a record.

$ awk '{print $1","$2;}' data/test.tsv
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT

$ awk '{print $1","$NF;}' data/test.tsv
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT

Awk has two important patterns which are specified by the keyword called BEGIN and END. The syntax is as follows:

BEGIN { Actions before reading the file}
{Actions for everyline in the file}
END { Actions after reading the file }

For example,
$ awk 'BEGIN{print "Header,Sequence"}{print $1","$2;}END{print "-------"}' data/test.tsv
Header,Sequence
contig1,ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2,ACTTTATATATT
contig3,ACTTATATATATATA
contig4,ACTTATATATATATA
contig5,ACTTTATATATT
-------
We can also use the concept of a conditional operator in print statement of the form print CONDITION ? PRINT_IF_TRUE_TEXT : PRINT_IF_FALSE_TEXT. For example, in the code below, we identify sequences with lengths > 14:

$ awk '{print (length($2)>14) ? $0">14" : $0"<=14";}' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG>14
contig2 ACTTTATATATT<=14
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA>14
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA>14
contig5 ACTTTATATATT<=14
We can also use 1 after the last block {} to print everything (1 is a shorthand notation for {print $0} which becomes {print} as without any argument print will print $0 by default), and within this block, we can change $0, for example to assign the first field to $0 for third line (NR==3), we can use:

$ awk 'NR==3{$0=$1}1' data/test.tsv
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
You can have as many blocks as you want and they will be executed on each line in the order they appear, for example, if we want to print $1 three times (here we are using printf instead of print as the former doesn't put end-of-line character),

$ awk '{printf $1"\t"}{printf $1"\t"}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2 contig2
contig3 contig3 contig3
contig4 contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5 contig5
Although, we can also skip executing later blocks for a given line by using next keyword:

$ awk '{printf $1"\t"}NR==3{print "";next}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2
contig3
contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5

$ awk 'NR==3{print "";next}{printf $1"\t"}{print $1}' data/test.tsv
contig1 contig1
contig2 contig2

contig4 contig4
contig5 contig5
You can also use getline to load the contents of another file in addition to the one you are reading, for example, in the statement given below, the while loop will load each line from test.tsv into k until no more lines are to be read:

$ awk 'BEGIN{while((getline k <"data/test.tsv")>0) print "BEGIN:"k}{print}' data/test.tsv
BEGIN:contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
BEGIN:contig2 ACTTTATATATT
BEGIN:contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
BEGIN:contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
BEGIN:contig5 ACTTTATATATT
contig1 ACTGTCTGTCACTGTGTTGTGATGTTGTGTGTG
contig2 ACTTTATATATT
contig3 ACTTATATATATATA
contig4 ACTTATATATATATA
contig5 ACTTTATATATT
You can also store data in the memory with the syntax VARIABLE_NAME[KEY]=VALUE which you can later use through for (INDEX in VARIABLE_NAME) command:

$ awk '{i[$1]=1}END{for (j in i) print j"<="i[j]}' data/test.tsv
contig1<=1
contig2<=1
contig3<=1
contig4<=1
contig5<=1

https://edu.t-bio.info/collaborative-model-bioinformatics-education-combining-biologically-inspired-bioinformatics-project-based-learning/

Project title: Functional Inference from Domain Architecture and Orthology

Requirements

To be accepted as a PhD student, credits corresponding to four years of full-time studies at the undergraduate level are required, including credits corresponding to at least two years of fulltime studies in chemistry, life sciences or physics, depending on the program. The credits should include courses at the advanced level (second cycle) corresponding to one year and of these one semester should be a degree thesis. In order to facilitate the evaluation of merits and suitability for the PhD studies the curriculum vitae (CV) should contain information about the extent and focus of the academic studies. The quantity (as part of an academic year) and the quality mark of courses in chemistry and physics are of particular interest. The title, number of credits and the length in full-time months of undergraduate thesis and project work, should be specified.

Information

More information about the project can be provided by the project leader. General information about the PhD training program may be requested from the director of graduate studies, Stefan Nordlund, stefan@dbb.su.se or from Lena Mäler, Head of Department (prefekt), lenam@dbb.su.se

Further information on the web:

The Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics: www.dbb.su.se

Stockholm University: www.su.se/english

Faculty of Science: www.science.su.se/english

The handbook for postgraduate students: www.doktorandhandboken.nu/english

Application The application should contain a personal letter (a letter of intent explaining why you are interested in the specific project, why you are interested in studying for a PhD, what you hope to accomplish during your PhD studies, and what skills you can bring to this project), a curriculum vitae, a list of two persons who may act as referees (with telephone numbers and e-mail addresses), copies of degree certificates and transcripts of academic records, and a copy of your undergraduate thesis and articles, if any.

In order to apply for this position, please use the Stockholm University web-based application form (where it is possible to select language):

To the application form for this position.

Welcome with your application no later than September 10, 2013.

Project leader: Erik Sonnhammer, Erik.Sonnhammer@sbc.su.se,
www.sonnhammer.sbc.su.se

Advertisement: http://www.su.se/english/about/vacancies/phd-studies/phd-position-in-biochemistry-towards-bioinformatics-1.143446