Perl's second wave of adoption came from the growth of the world wide web. Dynamic web pages—the precursor to modern web applications—were easy to create with Perl and CGI. Thanks to Perl's ubiquity as a language for system administrators and its power to manipulate text, it was the default choice for web programming. Its presence everywhere made it popular and, in some ways, the duct tape of the Internet.

Web Application Development

The old days of CGI programs and the simple development style that represented seem clunky. Web pages have become web applications. Development has moved from generating static HTML to both client and server side programming, with rich client interfaces and powerful backends.

Perl is still well suited for developing modern web apps. The language grows more powerful and easier to use every year, the available libraries are wonderful and keep getting better, and the inventions and discoveries available in modern Perl are unsurpassed.

In particular, a modern Perl developer can do amazing things with modern Perl tools. If you still think of Perl web development as a cgi-bin directory full of messy scripts that spew warnings to STDERR, you're a decade out of date. Better yet, you can replace that mess piecemeal, thanks to the new tools and techniques of modern Perl. See, for example, the ever-growing list of technologies Built in Perl.

Modern Perl Web Frameworks

While the old wave of web development may have made the CGI.pm module central, modern Perl web programming follows a stricter separation of business logic, URL and request routing, and output. The days of slinging a string here, an array there, a Perl hash yonder, declaring every variable at the top of the program, and maybe making a subroutine are gone. The Perl world has seen the value of abstraction and ways to mechanize away boilerplate. Perl has dozens of frameworks and toolkits designed to make web development and deployment simpler.

Any of a dozen of these frameworks will help you do great things, but three in particular stand out. You can build web sites and web applications of tremendous value with all three. These are neither the only good possibilities (think of POE or Jifty or Continuity or...) nor the only mechanisms for web programming with Perl (see Mechanize or LWP or Mojo::UserAgent for more). Yet if you want three good options to choose between, start here.

Catalyst

The Catalyst framework is a flexible and powerful system for building small to large web apps. It uses the Moose object system to provide great APIs for extension and further development. It's the most mature of the modern top Perl web frameworks, yet it retains its flexibility and vibrancy. In particular, its plugin and extension ecosystem allows it to evolve to provide new and essential features.

Catalyst has embraced the Plack/PSGI standard for Perl web deployment and recent versions are exploring high-scalability, event-based request handling models.

Dancer

The Dancer framework is deliberately minimal in syntax and scope, but it also has a vibrant plugin ecosystem. Dancer particularly excels for smaller sites and applications, though good programmers can build larger things with it.

The first version of Dancer was easy to use. Dancer 2 continues that ease while improving the internals and robustness of applications.

Mojolicious

The Mojolicious (Mojo) framework has a real-time design based on high performance event handling. Its focus is solving new and interesting problems in simple and effective ways, and the project has produced a lot of new code that does old things in better ways.

In particular, Mojolicious goes to great lengths to support new web standards, such as CSS 3, web sockets, and HTTP 2.

Where Catalyst embraces the CPAN fully, Mojolicious by design provides most of what an average app might need in a single download. It's still fully compatible with the CPAN, but the intention is to provide good working defaults in a package that's easy to start with. Mojo's fans are quick to praise it as fun to develop.

A modern Perl web developer should be familiar with at least one of these frameworks.

Modern Perl Storage Mechanisms

Perl's venerable DBI module has been the focal point of database access since its invention. Its design allows it to provide the same interface to huge relational databases and flat files alike through its DBD extension mechanism. Yet the DBI by itself isn't the be-all, end-all of data storage and access in Perl.

DBIx::Class

DBIx::Class sits on top of DBI to provide an API to your database based on the concept of queries and results. This is often sufficient to remove all but the most complicated of SQL from your code, leaving you to manipulate your business models instead of the small details of how a relational database works. The power and maintainability you receive is well the small cost of the learning curve.

Even better, DBIC can manage (and even generate) your database schema for you.

Recent versions of DBIC have demonstrated that a well-written ORM can perform much better than even clever hand-written code. Because it builds on the Perl DBI, it scales everywhere from SQLite to PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, and more.

Rose::DB

The lesser-known but no less powerful Rose::DB::Object builds on Rose::DB to provide an object-relational mapper for Perl. While its high level features most directly compare to those of DBIx::Class, it's often measurably faster.

NoSQL on the CPAN

Of course the CPAN has modules for almost any NoSQL database or job queue or persistence mechanism you could name, and several you have never heard of. Everything you need is a quick CPAN or cpanm away!

Modern Perl Deployment Strategies

In the early days of the web, deploying a Perl web application meant putting one or more .cgi or .pl files in a special directory and hoping that your system administrator had everything configured correctly. The execution model was often slow and cumbersome, and accessing shared resources such as databases was often tricky.

Modern Perl has better choices. While deployment strategies are the source of many arguments, the return on your investment from learning the modern way is impressive.

Plack/PSGI

The PSGI specification (as exemplified by Plack) describes a strategy for building Perl web apps independent of server and with the possibility to share custom processing behaviors.

In other words, it's a standard for writing Perl apps to take advantage of the huge ecosystem of Perl development available on the CPAN without tying yourself to a server like Apache, Apache 2, nginx, or anything else.

Any good modern Perl web framework (including those listed here) supports PSGI. Several deployment mechanisms exist to meet various business needs which also support PSGI. In particular, you can deploy the same application with a local testing server on your own machine as you can to your production server or servers without changing your application at all.

mod_perl

The older but still viable mod_perl Apache httpd module embeds Perl into the web server. This was the first widespread persistence mechanism for Perl web applications themselves and it's still popular to this day, though PSGI compliance is often the choice for new development. (PSGI handlers to use mod_perl as the backend are available.)

Modern Perl developers should familiarize themselves with PSGI and the wealth of available Plack middleware.

Perl Web Development

Of course no discussion of Perl web development would be complete without mentioning the strength of the CPAN. Almost any project will benefit from the wealth of freely available libraries built to solve real problems. These distributions run the gamut from full-blown web frameworks and content management systems to APIs for web services, development tools, testing systems, and interfaces to document formats and external resources.

For example, if you need to write a web service which accepts JSON data and produces Excel spreadsheets, you can glue together a few CPAN distributions and get the job done early. If you need to consume XML from a remote service and emit a PDF, you're in luck.

Perl's prowess as a general purpose programming language as well as its flexibility and power in managing text and gluing systems together make it a wonderful fit for web development. The community's adoption of modern Perl standards such as PSGI and Plack only enhance your power.

Web application development in Perl is still viable, and modern Perl tools and techniques and libraries make it more powerful and pleasant than ever.

• the Damerau–Levenshtein distance allows insertion, deletion, substitution, and the transposition of two adjacent characters;
• the longest common subsequence (LCS) distance allows only insertion and deletion, not substitution;
• the Hamming distance allows only substitution, hence, it only applies to strings of the same length.
• the Jaro distance allows only transposition.

use Text::Levenshtein qw(distance);

 print distance("foo","four");
 # prints "2"

 my @words     = qw/ four foo bar /;
 my @distances = distance("foo",@words);

 print "@distances";
 # prints "2 0 3"

use Algorithm::LCSS qw( LCSS CSS CSS_Sorted );
    my $lcss_ary_ref = LCSS( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );  # ref to array
    my $lcss_string  = LCSS( $STR1, $STR2 );    # string
    my $css_ary_ref = CSS( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );    # ref to array of arrays
    my $css_str_ref = CSS( $STR1, $STR2 );      # ref to array of strings
    my $css_ary_ref = CSS_Sorted( \@SEQ1, \@SEQ2 );  # ref to array of arrays
    my $css_str_ref = CSS_Sorted( $STR1, $STR2 );    # ref to array of strings

There are many different modules on CPAN for calculating the edit distance between two strings. Here's just a selection.

Text::LevenshteinXS and Text::Levenshtein::XS are both versions of the Levenshtein algorithm that require a C compiler, but will be a lot faster than this module.

The Damerau-Levenshtein edit distance is like the Levenshtein distance, but in addition to insertion, deletion and substitution, it also considers the transposition of two adjacent characters to be a single edit. The module Text::Levenshtein::Damerau defaults to using a pure perl implementation, but if you've installed Text::Levenshtein::Damerau::XS then it will be a lot quicker.

Text::WagnerFischer is an implementation of the Wagner-Fischer edit distance, which is similar to the Levenshtein, but applies different weights to each edit type.

Text::Brew is an implementation of the Brew edit distance, which is another algorithm based on edit weights.

Text::Fuzzy provides a number of operations for partial or fuzzy matching of text based on edit distance. Text::Fuzzy::PP is a pure perl implementation of the same interface.

String::Similarity takes two strings and returns a value between 0 (meaning entirely different) and 1 (meaning identical). Apparently based on edit distance.

Text::Dice calculates Dice's coefficient for two strings. This formula was originally developed to measure the similarity of two different populations in ecological research.

https://biodatamining.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13040-017-0142-8

Address of the bookmark: http://efs.heiderlab.de/

If you have any questions or comments, post them on one of the trackers on BRIG’s SourceForge page: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=328245.

Features:

• Images show similarity between a central reference sequence and other sequences as concentric rings.
• BRIG will perform all BLAST comparisons and file parsing automatically via a simple GUI.
• Contig boundaries and read coverage can be displayed for draft genomes; customized graphs and annotations can be displayed.
• Using a user-defined set of genes as input, BRIG can display gene presence, absence, truncation or sequence variation in a set of complete genomes, draft genomes or even raw, unassembled sequence data.
• BRIG also accepts SAM-formatted read-mapping files enabling genomic regions present in unassembled sequence data from multiple samples to be compared simultaneously

Address of the bookmark: http://brig.sourceforge.net/

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/legumeinfo/gcv

This software distribution includes both the DAGchainer utility and a Java-based graphical interface that allows the inputs and outputs to be navigated and interrogated dynamically.

Address of the bookmark: http://dagchainer.sourceforge.net/

https://gold.jgi.doe.gov/

Address of the bookmark: https://gold.jgi.doe.gov/