<![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]> https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/34400?offset=180 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/30336/finding-patterns-in-biological-sequences Thu, 22 Dec 2016 10:30:49 -0600 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/30336/finding-patterns-in-biological-sequences <![CDATA[Finding Patterns in Biological Sequences]]> In this report we provide an overview of known techniques for discovery of patterns of biological sequences (DNA and proteins). We also provide biological motivation, and methods of biological verification of such patterns. Finally we list publicly available tools and databases for pattern discovery. On-line supplement is available through http://genetics.uwaterloo.ca/∼tvinar/cs798g/motif.

Address of the bookmark: http://engr.case.edu/li_jing/papers/00798gpattern.pdf

]]> Jit https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/31566/software-and-tools-to-detect-structure-variation-with-long-reads Wed, 15 Mar 2017 14:31:09 -0500 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/31566/software-and-tools-to-detect-structure-variation-with-long-reads <![CDATA[Software and Tools to detect structure variation with long reads !!]]> Uncovering the connection between genetics and heritable diseases requires an approach that looks at all the variant bases and types in a genome. While a PacBio de novo assembly resolves the most novel SV variants. 8-10X PacBio coverage of single genomes or trios reveals triple the SVs detectable by short-read data.

With Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) Sequencing, you can access structural variations having a broad range of sizes, types, and GC content with the ability to:

  • Uncover missing heritability linked to structural variation
  • Unambiguously identify genomic context and variant breakpoints at the sequence level to unravel the genetic etiology of disease
  • Resolve structural variation across the complete size spectrum with basepair resolution

Following are the SV tools, which can assist you to achieve your goal.

Sniffles: Structural variation caller using third generation sequencing

Sniffles is a structural variation caller using third generation sequencing (PacBio or Oxford Nanopore). It detects all types of SVs using evidence from split-read alignments, high-mismatch regions, and coverage analysis. Please note the current version of Sniffles requires sorted output from BWA-MEM (use -M and -x parameter) or NGM-LR with the optional SAM attributes enabled! 

More at https://github.com/fritzsedlazeck/Sniffles


MultiBreak-SV: It identifies structural variants from next-generation paired end data, third-generation long read data, or data from a combination of sequencing platforms.

There are two pieces of software in this release: (1) a pre-processor that takes machineformat (.m5) BLASR files, and (2) MultiBreak-SV. For installation and usage instructions, see doc/MultiBreakSV-Manual.txt.

More at https://github.com/raphael-group/multibreak-sv


Parliament: A Structural Variation Tool. Why ask a single sv-detection approach to find every variant when you can have a parliament of tools deciding?

Publication about the algorithm and “…the first long-read characterization of structural variation in a diploid human personal genome…” (HS1011) - “Assessing structural variation in a personal genome—towards a human reference diploid genome”

More at https://sourceforge.net/projects/parliamentsv/

https://www.dnanexus.com/papers/Parliament_Info_Sheet.pdf


PBHoney: the structural variation discovery tool 

PBHoney is an implementation of two variant-identification approaches designed to exploit the high mappability of long reads (i.e., greater than 10,000 bp). PBHoney considers both intra-read discordance and soft-clipped tails of long reads to identify structural variants.

Read The Paper http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/15/180/abstract

More at https://sourceforge.net/projects/pb-jelly/


SMRT-SV: Structural variant and indel caller for PacBio reads

Structural variant (SV) and indel caller for PacBio reads based on methods from Chaisson et al. 2014.

SMRT-SV provides an official software package for tools described in Chaisson et al. 2014 and adds several key features including the following.

  • Unified variant calling user interface with built-in cluster compute support
  • Small indel calling (2-49 bp)
  • Improved inversion calling (screenInversions)
  • Quality metric for SV calls based on number of local assemblies supporting each call
  • Higher sensitivity for SV calls using tiled local assemblies across the entire genome instead of "signature" regions
  • Genotyping of SVs with Illumina paired-end reads from WGS samples

More at https://github.com/EichlerLab/pacbio_variant_caller

]]> Archana Malhotra https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/35802/bioinformatics-tools-to-detect-horizontal-gene-transfer-hgt-in-genomes Fri, 02 Mar 2018 04:56:23 -0600 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/35802/bioinformatics-tools-to-detect-horizontal-gene-transfer-hgt-in-genomes <![CDATA[Bioinformatics tools to detect horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in genomes]]> Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the “non-sexual movement of genetic material between two organisms” , is relatively common in prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes, but a number of factors combine to make it far rarer in multicellular eukaryotes. In order for a eukaryotic species to gain a gene by HGT, foreign DNA must enter the host nucleus, integrate into the genome, and in more complex organisms it must enter the sequestered germline in order to be transmitted to offspring. Once there, it must not experience strong negative selection, despite potential for genetic incompatibility with the host genome and mismatch between the niche of the donor and the host. Over the longer term, foreign DNA may become “domesticated” in the recipient genome and provide novel function.

Following are the popular tool to detect HGT in genomes:

T-REX / 3.22

HGT detection / download & compile

20525630

 

RANGER-DTL / 2.0

HGT detection / download binary

22689773

 

PhyloNet / 3.6.1

HGT detection / download binary

18662388

 

Jane / 4.01

HGT detection / download binary (!license!)

20181081

 

TREE-PUZZLE / 5.3.rc16

HGT detection / download & compile

11934758

 

CONSEL / 0.20

HGT detection / download

11751242

 

DarkHorse / 1.5 rev170

HGT detection / download & install

17274820

 

HGTector / 0.2.1

HGT detection / git clone

25159222

 

EGID / 1.0

HGT detection / download

22355228

 

GeneMarkS / 4.30

HGT detection / download binary (!license!)

9461475

]]> Jit https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/36395/ligand-docking-tools-and-software Wed, 25 Apr 2018 05:05:17 -0500 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/36395/ligand-docking-tools-and-software <![CDATA[Ligand Docking Tools and Software !]]> Ligand docking referred to cases where small molecule (“ligand”) is being docked into much larger macromolecule ("target"). The following is partial list of docking software, focusing on free (at least for academic institutes) and/or popular docking tools. 

AutoDock

Stochastic (GA)

Flexible ligand and partially flexible target

ArgusLab

Systematic

Flexible ligandX-Score based

DOCK

Systematic (IC)

Flexible ligandDOCK 3.5 (force field)

eHITS

Systematic (RBD of fragments followed by reconstruction)Flexible ligand and partially flexible targetHiTS_Score (empirical)

FlexX

Systematic (IC)Flexible ligandFlexX SF (empirical)Commercial

FLIPDock

Stochastic (GA)Flexible ligand and flexible targetAUTODOCK (empirical)

FRED

Systematic (RBD)Flexible ligandChemScore, PLP, ScreenScore, ChemGauss (empirical/consensus)

GOLD

Stochastic (GA)

Flexible ligand and partially flexible targetGoldScore, ChemScore (empirical), ASP (knowledge based)

ICM

Stochastic (MC)

Flexible ligand and partially flexible targetICM SF (empirical)

ParDOCK

Stochastic (MC)

RigidBAPPL (empirical)

PLANTS

Stochastic (ACO)Flexible ligand and partially flexible target

CHEMPLP, PLP (empirical)

Surflex

Systematic (IC/MA)Flexible ligandHammerhead based (empirical)

Point to note:

Several studies have shown that the performance of most docking tools is highly dependent on the particular characteristics of both the binding site and the ligand to be investigated, and the determination which method would be more suitable in a specific context is difficult. We encouraged you to check several docking methods to determine which one(s) work best for your system.

 

]]> Poonam Mahapatra https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/36510/scallop-reference-based-transcriptome-assembler-for-rna-seq Tue, 08 May 2018 04:23:27 -0500 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/36510/scallop-reference-based-transcriptome-assembler-for-rna-seq <![CDATA[Scallop: reference-based transcriptome assembler for RNA-seq]]> Scallop is an accurate reference-based transcript assembler. Scallop features its high accuracy in assembling multi-exon transcripts as well as lowly expressed transcripts. Scallop achieves this improvement through a novel algorithm that can be proved preserving all phasing paths from reads and paired-end reads, while also achieves both transcripts parsimony and coverage deviation minimization.

Scallop paper has been published at Nature Biotechnology. The datasets and scripts used in this paper to compare the performance of Scallop and other assemblers are available at scalloptest.

Please also checkout the podcast about Scallop (thanks Roman Cheplyaka for the interview). It is available at both the bioinformatics chat and iTunes.

 

https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/scallop

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/scallop

]]> Rahul Nayak https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/36525/installing-bandage-on-ubunty Tue, 08 May 2018 08:03:21 -0500 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/36525/installing-bandage-on-ubunty <![CDATA[Installing Bandage on Ubunty !]]> The following instructions successfully build Bandage (https://github.com/rrwick/Bandage ) on a fresh installation of Ubuntu 14.04:

  1. Ensure the package lists are up-to-date: sudo apt-get update
  2. Install prerequisite packages: sudo apt-get install build-essential git qtbase5-dev libqt5svg5-dev
  3. Download the Bandage code from GitHub: git clone https://github.com/rrwick/Bandage.git
  4. Open a terminal in the Bandage directory.
  5. Set the environment variable to specify that you will be using Qt 5, not Qt 4: export QT_SELECT=5
  6. Run qmake to generate a Makefile: qmake
  7. Build the program: make
  8. Bandage should now be an executable file.
  9. Optionally, copy the program into /usr/local/bin: sudo make install. The Bandage build directory can then be deleted.

➜ Tools git:(master) ✗ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for urbe: 
Hit:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/atom/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [107 kB] 
Hit:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu xenial InRelease 
Hit:4 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease 
Get:5 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [109 kB]
Get:6 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease [107 kB] 
Get:7 https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu xenial/ InRelease [3.590 B] 
Hit:8 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu xenial InRelease 
Ign:9 http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/sionescu/Debian ./ InRelease 
Hit:10 http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/sionescu/Debian ./ Release 
Get:11 http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt cloud-sdk-xenial InRelease [6.372 B]
Get:12 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 Packages [484 kB]
Get:13 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main i386 Packages [433 kB]
Get:14 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main Translation-en [209 kB]
Get:15 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [67,5 kB]
Get:16 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [68,0 kB] 
Get:17 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [107 kB]
Get:18 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [147 kB]
Get:19 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 Packages [769 kB] 
Get:20 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main i386 Packages [710 kB] 
Get:21 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main Translation-en [319 kB]
Get:22 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [319 kB]
Get:24 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [228 kB] 
Get:25 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [246 kB]
Err:11 http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt cloud-sdk-xenial InRelease 
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 6A030B21BA07F4FB
Get:26 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [331 kB]
Get:27 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/multiverse amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [5.964 B]
Get:28 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [3.328 B]
Get:29 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [5.088 B]
Fetched 4.779 kB in 2s (1.606 kB/s) 
Reading package lists... Done
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt cloud-sdk-xenial InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 6A030B21BA07F4FB
W: Failed to fetch http://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/dists/cloud-sdk-xenial/InRelease The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 6A030B21BA07F4FB
W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
➜ Tools git:(master) ✗ sudo apt-get install build-essential git qtbase5-dev libqt5svg5-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree 
Reading state information... Done
build-essential is already the newest version (12.1ubuntu2).
git is already the newest version (1:2.7.4-0ubuntu1.3).
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
bridge-utils containerd linux-headers-4.4.0-116 linux-headers-4.4.0-116-generic linux-headers-4.4.0-21 linux-headers-4.4.0-21-generic linux-image-4.4.0-116-generic linux-image-4.4.0-21-generic
linux-image-extra-4.4.0-116-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-21-generic linux-signed-image-4.4.0-116-generic runc ubuntu-fan
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
libdrm-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libgles2-mesa libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libmirclient-dev libmircommon-dev libmircookie-dev libmircookie2 libmircore-dev libprotobuf-dev libprotobuf9v5
libqt5concurrent5 libqt5core5a libqt5dbus5 libqt5gui5 libqt5network5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5opengl5-dev libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5svg5 libqt5test5 libqt5widgets5 libqt5xml5 libwayland-bin
libwayland-dev libx11-xcb-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0 libxcb-randr0-dev libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-render0-dev
libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxcb-xkb1 libxdamage-dev libxext-dev libxfixes-dev libxkbcommon-dev libxkbcommon-x11-0 libxshmfence-dev libxxf86vm-dev mesa-common-dev qt5-qmake
qtbase5-dev-tools qttranslations5-l10n x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-dri2-dev x11proto-fixes-dev x11proto-gl-dev x11proto-xext-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev
Suggested packages:
libqt5libqgtk2 qt5-image-formats-plugins qtwayland5 libxext-doc libmysqlclient-dev libpq-dev libsqlite3-dev unixodbc-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libdrm-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libgles2-mesa libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libmirclient-dev libmircommon-dev libmircookie-dev libmircookie2 libmircore-dev libprotobuf-dev libprotobuf9v5
libqt5concurrent5 libqt5core5a libqt5dbus5 libqt5gui5 libqt5network5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5opengl5-dev libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5svg5 libqt5svg5-dev libqt5test5 libqt5widgets5 libqt5xml5
libwayland-bin libwayland-dev libx11-xcb-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0 libxcb-randr0-dev libxcb-render-util0
libxcb-render0-dev libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxcb-xkb1 libxdamage-dev libxext-dev libxfixes-dev libxkbcommon-dev libxkbcommon-x11-0 libxshmfence-dev libxxf86vm-dev mesa-common-dev
qt5-qmake qtbase5-dev qtbase5-dev-tools qttranslations5-l10n x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-dri2-dev x11proto-fixes-dev x11proto-gl-dev x11proto-xext-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev
0 upgraded, 64 newly installed, 0 to remove and 11 not upgraded.
Need to get 15,2 MB of archives.
After this operation, 78,5 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5core5a amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [1.817 kB]
Get:2 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5dbus5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [175 kB]
Get:3 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5network5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [540 kB]
Get:4 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-icccm4 amd64 0.4.1-1ubuntu1 [10,4 kB]
Get:5 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-image0 amd64 0.4.0-1build1 [12,3 kB]
Get:6 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-keysyms1 amd64 0.4.0-1 [8.406 B]
Get:7 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-randr0 amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [14,4 kB]
Get:8 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-render-util0 amd64 0.3.9-1 [9.638 B]
Get:9 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-xkb1 amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [29,2 kB]
Get:10 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxkbcommon-x11-0 amd64 0.5.0-1ubuntu2 [13,5 kB]
Get:11 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5gui5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [2.290 kB]
Get:12 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5widgets5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [2.252 kB]
Get:13 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libqt5svg5 amd64 5.5.1-2build1 [128 kB]
Get:14 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libqt5svg5-dev amd64 5.5.1-2build1 [9.724 B]
Get:15 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libdrm-dev amd64 2.4.83-1~16.04.1 [229 kB]
Get:16 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-dri2-dev all 2.8-2 [12,6 kB]
Get:17 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-gl-dev all 1.4.17-1 [17,9 kB]
Get:18 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-xext-dev all 7.3.0-1 [212 kB]
Get:19 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxext-dev amd64 2:1.3.3-1 [82,1 kB]
Get:20 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev all 2.3.1-2 [6.116 B]
Get:21 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxxf86vm-dev amd64 1:1.1.4-1 [13,3 kB]
Get:22 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-fixes-dev all 1:5.0-2ubuntu2 [14,2 kB]
Get:23 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxfixes-dev amd64 1:5.0.1-2 [10,9 kB]
Get:24 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 x11proto-damage-dev all 1:1.2.1-2 [8.286 B]
Get:25 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxdamage-dev amd64 1:1.1.4-2 [5.028 B]
Get:26 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-glx0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [26,9 kB]
Get:27 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-dri2-0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [8.384 B]
Get:28 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-dri3-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [5.752 B]
Get:29 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-render0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [15,3 kB]
Get:30 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-randr0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [18,2 kB]
Get:31 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-shape0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [6.900 B]
Get:32 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-xfixes0-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [11,2 kB]
Get:33 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-sync-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [10,1 kB]
Get:34 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxcb-present-dev amd64 1.11.1-1ubuntu1 [6.618 B]
Get:35 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxshmfence-dev amd64 1.2-1 [3.676 B]
Get:36 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libx11-xcb-dev amd64 2:1.6.3-1ubuntu2 [9.730 B]
Get:37 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libwayland-bin amd64 1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3 [18,4 kB]
Get:38 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libwayland-dev amd64 1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3 [92,4 kB]
Get:39 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libmircore-dev amd64 0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1 [23,7 kB]
Get:40 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libprotobuf9v5 amd64 2.6.1-1.3 [326 kB]
Get:41 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libprotobuf-dev amd64 2.6.1-1.3 [473 kB]
Get:42 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libxkbcommon-dev amd64 0.5.0-1ubuntu2 [231 kB]
Get:43 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libmircommon-dev amd64 0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1 [14,9 kB]
Get:44 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libmircookie2 amd64 0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1 [22,5 kB]
Get:45 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libmircookie-dev amd64 0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1 [5.152 B]
Get:46 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libmirclient-dev amd64 0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1 [42,6 kB]
Get:47 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libegl1-mesa-dev amd64 17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1 [19,9 kB]
Get:48 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libgles2-mesa amd64 17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1 [13,4 kB]
Get:49 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libgles2-mesa-dev amd64 17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1 [40,2 kB]
Get:50 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 mesa-common-dev amd64 17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1 [525 kB]
Get:51 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libgl1-mesa-dev amd64 17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1 [4.456 B]
Get:52 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 libglu1-mesa-dev amd64 9.0.0-2.1 [202 kB]
Get:53 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5concurrent5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [24,3 kB]
Get:54 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5opengl5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [128 kB]
Get:55 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5printsupport5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [174 kB]
Get:56 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5sql5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [104 kB]
Get:57 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5test5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [84,5 kB]
Get:58 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5xml5 amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [91,8 kB]
Get:59 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 qt5-qmake amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [1.192 kB]
Get:60 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 qtbase5-dev-tools amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [1.056 kB]
Get:61 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 qtbase5-dev amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [931 kB]
Get:62 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5opengl5-dev amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [31,5 kB]
Get:63 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libqt5sql5-sqlite amd64 5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5 [33,0 kB]
Get:64 http://be.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 qttranslations5-l10n all 5.5.1-2build1 [1.210 kB]
Fetched 15,2 MB in 4s (3.099 kB/s) 
Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5core5a:amd64.
(Reading database ... 480949 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5core5a_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5core5a:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5dbus5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5dbus5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5dbus5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5network5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5network5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5network5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-icccm4:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-icccm4_0.4.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-icccm4:amd64 (0.4.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-image0:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-image0_0.4.0-1build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-image0:amd64 (0.4.0-1build1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-keysyms1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-keysyms1_0.4.0-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-keysyms1:amd64 (0.4.0-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-randr0:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-randr0_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-randr0:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-render-util0:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-render-util0_0.3.9-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-render-util0:amd64 (0.3.9-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-xkb1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-xkb1_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-xkb1:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxkbcommon-x11-0:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxkbcommon-x11-0_0.5.0-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxkbcommon-x11-0:amd64 (0.5.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5gui5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5gui5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5gui5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5widgets5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5widgets5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5widgets5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5svg5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5svg5_5.5.1-2build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5svg5:amd64 (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5svg5-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5svg5-dev_5.5.1-2build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5svg5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libdrm-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libdrm-dev_2.4.83-1~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libdrm-dev:amd64 (2.4.83-1~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-dri2-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-dri2-dev_2.8-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-dri2-dev (2.8-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-gl-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-gl-dev_1.4.17-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-gl-dev (1.4.17-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-xext-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-xext-dev_7.3.0-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-xext-dev (7.3.0-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxext-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxext-dev_2%3a1.3.3-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxext-dev:amd64 (2:1.3.3-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev_2.3.1-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev (2.3.1-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxxf86vm-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxxf86vm-dev_1%3a1.1.4-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxxf86vm-dev:amd64 (1:1.1.4-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-fixes-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-fixes-dev_1%3a5.0-2ubuntu2_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-fixes-dev (1:5.0-2ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxfixes-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxfixes-dev_1%3a5.0.1-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxfixes-dev:amd64 (1:5.0.1-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package x11proto-damage-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../x11proto-damage-dev_1%3a1.2.1-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking x11proto-damage-dev (1:1.2.1-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxdamage-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxdamage-dev_1%3a1.1.4-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxdamage-dev:amd64 (1:1.1.4-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-glx0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-glx0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-glx0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-dri2-0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-dri2-0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-dri2-0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-dri3-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-dri3-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-dri3-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-render0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-render0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-render0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-randr0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-randr0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-randr0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-shape0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-shape0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-shape0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-xfixes0-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-xfixes0-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-xfixes0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-sync-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-sync-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-sync-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxcb-present-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxcb-present-dev_1.11.1-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxcb-present-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxshmfence-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libxshmfence-dev_1.2-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxshmfence-dev:amd64 (1.2-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libx11-xcb-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libx11-xcb-dev_2%3a1.6.3-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libx11-xcb-dev:amd64 (2:1.6.3-1ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libwayland-bin.
Preparing to unpack .../libwayland-bin_1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libwayland-bin (1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libwayland-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libwayland-dev_1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libwayland-dev:amd64 (1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmircore-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libmircore-dev_0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmircore-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libprotobuf9v5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libprotobuf9v5_2.6.1-1.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libprotobuf9v5:amd64 (2.6.1-1.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libprotobuf-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libprotobuf-dev_2.6.1-1.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libprotobuf-dev:amd64 (2.6.1-1.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxkbcommon-dev.
Preparing to unpack .../libxkbcommon-dev_0.5.0-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxkbcommon-dev (0.5.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmircommon-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libmircommon-dev_0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmircommon-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmircookie2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libmircookie2_0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmircookie2:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmircookie-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libmircookie-dev_0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmircookie-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libmirclient-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libmirclient-dev_0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libmirclient-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libegl1-mesa-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libegl1-mesa-dev_17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libegl1-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgles2-mesa:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libgles2-mesa_17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgles2-mesa:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgles2-mesa-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libgles2-mesa-dev_17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgles2-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package mesa-common-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../mesa-common-dev_17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mesa-common-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgl1-mesa-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libgl1-mesa-dev_17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgl1-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libglu1-mesa-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libglu1-mesa-dev_9.0.0-2.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libglu1-mesa-dev:amd64 (9.0.0-2.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5concurrent5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5concurrent5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5concurrent5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5opengl5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5opengl5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5opengl5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5printsupport5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5printsupport5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5printsupport5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5sql5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5sql5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5sql5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5test5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5test5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5test5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5xml5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5xml5_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5xml5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package qt5-qmake:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../qt5-qmake_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking qt5-qmake:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package qtbase5-dev-tools.
Preparing to unpack .../qtbase5-dev-tools_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking qtbase5-dev-tools (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package qtbase5-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../qtbase5-dev_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking qtbase5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5opengl5-dev:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5opengl5-dev_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5opengl5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libqt5sql5-sqlite_5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package qttranslations5-l10n.
Preparing to unpack .../qttranslations5-l10n_5.5.1-2build1_all.deb ...
Unpacking qttranslations5-l10n (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu10) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up libqt5core5a:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5dbus5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5network5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libxcb-icccm4:amd64 (0.4.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-image0:amd64 (0.4.0-1build1) ...
Setting up libxcb-keysyms1:amd64 (0.4.0-1) ...
Setting up libxcb-randr0:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-render-util0:amd64 (0.3.9-1) ...
Setting up libxcb-xkb1:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxkbcommon-x11-0:amd64 (0.5.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libqt5gui5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5widgets5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5svg5:amd64 (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Setting up libqt5svg5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Setting up libdrm-dev:amd64 (2.4.83-1~16.04.1) ...
Setting up x11proto-dri2-dev (2.8-2) ...
Setting up x11proto-gl-dev (1.4.17-1) ...
Setting up x11proto-xext-dev (7.3.0-1) ...
Setting up libxext-dev:amd64 (2:1.3.3-1) ...
Setting up x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev (2.3.1-2) ...
Setting up libxxf86vm-dev:amd64 (1:1.1.4-1) ...
Setting up x11proto-fixes-dev (1:5.0-2ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libxfixes-dev:amd64 (1:5.0.1-2) ...
Setting up x11proto-damage-dev (1:1.2.1-2) ...
Setting up libxdamage-dev:amd64 (1:1.1.4-2) ...
Setting up libxcb-glx0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-dri2-0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-dri3-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-render0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-randr0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-shape0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-xfixes0-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-sync-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxcb-present-dev:amd64 (1.11.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libxshmfence-dev:amd64 (1.2-1) ...
Setting up libx11-xcb-dev:amd64 (2:1.6.3-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libwayland-bin (1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3) ...
Setting up libwayland-dev:amd64 (1.12.0-1~ubuntu16.04.3) ...
Setting up libmircore-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libprotobuf9v5:amd64 (2.6.1-1.3) ...
Setting up libprotobuf-dev:amd64 (2.6.1-1.3) ...
Setting up libxkbcommon-dev (0.5.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libmircommon-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libmircookie2:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libmircookie-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libmirclient-dev:amd64 (0.26.3+16.04.20170605-0ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libegl1-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Setting up libgles2-mesa:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Setting up libgles2-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Setting up mesa-common-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Setting up libgl1-mesa-dev:amd64 (17.2.8-0ubuntu0~16.04.1) ...
Setting up libglu1-mesa-dev:amd64 (9.0.0-2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5concurrent5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5opengl5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5printsupport5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5sql5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5test5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5xml5:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up qt5-qmake:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up qtbase5-dev-tools (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up qtbase5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5opengl5-dev:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64 (5.5.1+dfsg-16ubuntu7.5) ...
Setting up qttranslations5-l10n (5.5.1-2build1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu10) ...
➜ Tools git:(master) ✗ git clone https://github.com/rrwick/Bandage.git
Cloning into 'Bandage'...
remote: Counting objects: 7813, done.
remote: Total 7813 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 7813
Receiving objects: 100% (7813/7813), 27.43 MiB | 16.33 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (5973/5973), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
➜ Tools git:(master) ✗ cd Bandage 
➜ Bandage git:(master) ls
Bandage.pro BandageTests.pro blast build_scripts command_line COPYING graph images ogdf program README.md tests ui
➜ Bandage git:(master) export QT_SELECT=5
➜ Bandage git:(master) qmake
➜ Bandage git:(master) ✗ make
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/mainwindow.ui -o ui_mainwindow.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/settingsdialog.ui -o ui_settingsdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/aboutdialog.ui -o ui_aboutdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/enteroneblastquerydialog.ui -o ui_enteroneblastquerydialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/blastsearchdialog.ui -o ui_blastsearchdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/myprogressdialog.ui -o ui_myprogressdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/pathspecifydialog.ui -o ui_pathspecifydialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/querypathsdialog.ui -o ui_querypathsdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/blasthitfiltersdialog.ui -o ui_blasthitfiltersdialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/changenodenamedialog.ui -o ui_changenodenamedialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/graphinfodialog.ui -o ui_graphinfodialog.h
/home/urbe/anaconda3/bin/uic ui/changenodedepthdialog.ui -o ui_changenodedepthdialog.h
g++ -c -pipe -O2 -std=gnu++0x -Wall -W -D_REENTRANT -fPIC -DQT_NO_DEBUG -DQT_SVG_LIB -DQT_WIDGETS_LIB -DQT_GUI_LIB -DQT_CORE_LIB -I. -Iui -I/usr/include -I../../anaconda3/include/qt -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtSvg -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtWidgets -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtGui -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtCore -I. -I. -I../../anaconda3/mkspecs/linux-g++ -o main.o program/main.cpp
g++ -c -pipe -O2 -std=gnu++0x -Wall -W -D_REENTRANT -fPIC -DQT_NO_DEBUG -DQT_SVG_LIB -DQT_WIDGETS_LIB -DQT_GUI_LIB -DQT_CORE_LIB -I. -Iui -I/usr/include -I../../anaconda3/include/qt -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtSvg -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtWidgets -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtGui -I../../anaconda3/include/qt/QtCore -I. -I. -I../../anaconda3/mkspecs/linux-g++ -o settings.o program/settings.cpp
....

...
g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-rpath,/home/urbe/anaconda3/lib -o Bandage main.o settings.o globals.o graphlayoutworker.o debruijnnode.o debruijnedge.o graphicsitemnode.o graphicsitemedge.o mainwindow.o graphicsviewzoom.o settingsdialog.o mygraphicsview.o mygraphicsscene.o aboutdialog.o enteroneblastquerydialog.o blasthit.o blastqueries.o blastsearchdialog.o infotextwidget.o assemblygraph.o verticalscrollarea.o myprogressdialog.o nodewidthvisualaid.o verticallabel.o load.o image.o commoncommandlinefunctions.o mytablewidget.o buildblastdatabaseworker.o colourbutton.o blastquery.o runblastsearchworker.o blastsearch.o path.o pathspecifydialog.o graphlocation.o tablewidgetitemint.o tablewidgetitemdouble.o tablewidgetitemshown.o memory.o querypathspushbutton.o querypathsdialog.o blastquerypath.o blasthitfiltersdialog.o scinot.o changenodenamedialog.o querypathsequencecopybutton.o querypaths.o info.o reduce.o Graph.o GraphAttributes.o FMMMLayout.o geometry.o ClusterGraphAttributes.o FruchtermanReingold.o NMM.o GmlParser.o simple_graph_alg.o basic.o XmlParser.o String.o Hashing.o PoolMemoryAllocator.o GraphCopy.o CombinatorialEmbedding.o OgmlParser.o ClusterGraph.o Math.o EdgeAttributes.o NodeAttributes.o MAARPacking.o Multilevel.o numexcept.o Set.o Ogml.o DinoXmlParser.o DinoXmlScanner.o DinoTools.o DinoLineBuffer.o System.o QuadTreeNM.o QuadTreeNodeNM.o Constraint.o MultilevelGraph.o graphinfodialog.o tablewidgetitemname.o changenodedepthdialog.o qrc_images.o moc_graphlayoutworker.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_graphicsviewzoom.o moc_settingsdialog.o moc_mygraphicsview.o moc_mygraphicsscene.o moc_aboutdialog.o moc_enteroneblastquerydialog.o moc_blastquery.o moc_blastsearchdialog.o moc_infotextwidget.o moc_assemblygraph.o moc_verticalscrollarea.o moc_myprogressdialog.o moc_nodewidthvisualaid.o moc_verticallabel.o moc_mytablewidget.o moc_buildblastdatabaseworker.o moc_colourbutton.o moc_runblastsearchworker.o moc_pathspecifydialog.o moc_querypathspushbutton.o moc_querypathsdialog.o moc_blasthitfiltersdialog.o moc_changenodenamedialog.o moc_querypathsequencecopybutton.o moc_graphinfodialog.o moc_changenodedepthdialog.o -L/usr/lib -L/home/urbe/anaconda3/lib -lQt5Svg -lQt5Widgets -lQt5Gui -lQt5Core -lGL -lpthread 
➜ Bandage git:(master) ✗ ls 
aboutdialog.o DinoTools.o Makefile moc_infotextwidget.cpp moc_verticalscrollarea.o scinot.o
assemblygraph.o DinoXmlParser.o Math.o moc_infotextwidget.o MultilevelGraph.o Set.o
Bandage DinoXmlScanner.o memory.o moc_mainwindow.cpp Multilevel.o settingsdialog.o
Bandage.pro EdgeAttributes.o moc_aboutdialog.cpp moc_mainwindow.o mygraphicsscene.o settings.o
BandageTests.pro enteroneblastquerydialog.o moc_aboutdialog.o moc_mygraphicsscene.cpp mygraphicsview.o simple_graph_alg.o
basic.o FMMMLayout.o moc_assemblygraph.cpp moc_mygraphicsscene.o myprogressdialog.o String.o
blast FruchtermanReingold.o moc_assemblygraph.o moc_mygraphicsview.cpp mytablewidget.o System.o
blasthitfiltersdialog.o geometry.o moc_blasthitfiltersdialog.cpp moc_mygraphicsview.o NMM.o tablewidgetitemdouble.o
blasthit.o globals.o moc_blasthitfiltersdialog.o moc_myprogressdialog.cpp NodeAttributes.o tablewidgetitemint.o
blastqueries.o GmlParser.o moc_blastquery.cpp moc_myprogressdialog.o nodewidthvisualaid.o tablewidgetitemname.o
blastquery.o graph moc_blastquery.o moc_mytablewidget.cpp numexcept.o tablewidgetitemshown.o
blastquerypath.o GraphAttributes.o moc_blastsearchdialog.cpp moc_mytablewidget.o ogdf tests
blastsearchdialog.o GraphCopy.o moc_blastsearchdialog.o moc_nodewidthvisualaid.cpp Ogml.o ui
blastsearch.o graphicsitemedge.o moc_buildblastdatabaseworker.cpp moc_nodewidthvisualaid.o OgmlParser.o ui_aboutdialog.h
buildblastdatabaseworker.o graphicsitemnode.o moc_buildblastdatabaseworker.o moc_pathspecifydialog.cpp path.o ui_blasthitfiltersdialog.h
build_scripts graphicsviewzoom.o moc_changenodedepthdialog.cpp moc_pathspecifydialog.o pathspecifydialog.o ui_blastsearchdialog.h
changenodedepthdialog.o graphinfodialog.o moc_changenodedepthdialog.o moc_querypathsdialog.cpp PoolMemoryAllocator.o ui_changenodedepthdialog.h
changenodenamedialog.o graphlayoutworker.o moc_changenodenamedialog.cpp moc_querypathsdialog.o program ui_changenodenamedialog.h
ClusterGraphAttributes.o graphlocation.o moc_changenodenamedialog.o moc_querypathsequencecopybutton.cpp qrc_images.cpp ui_enteroneblastquerydialog.h
ClusterGraph.o Graph.o moc_colourbutton.cpp moc_querypathsequencecopybutton.o qrc_images.o ui_graphinfodialog.h
colourbutton.o Hashing.o moc_colourbutton.o moc_querypathspushbutton.cpp QuadTreeNM.o ui_mainwindow.h
CombinatorialEmbedding.o image.o moc_enteroneblastquerydialog.cpp moc_querypathspushbutton.o QuadTreeNodeNM.o ui_myprogressdialog.h
command_line images moc_enteroneblastquerydialog.o moc_runblastsearchworker.cpp querypathsdialog.o ui_pathspecifydialog.h
commoncommandlinefunctions.o info.o moc_graphicsviewzoom.cpp moc_runblastsearchworker.o querypathsequencecopybutton.o ui_querypathsdialog.h
Constraint.o infotextwidget.o moc_graphicsviewzoom.o moc_settingsdialog.cpp querypaths.o ui_settingsdialog.h
COPYING load.o moc_graphinfodialog.cpp moc_settingsdialog.o querypathspushbutton.o verticallabel.o
debruijnedge.o MAARPacking.o moc_graphinfodialog.o moc_verticallabel.cpp README.md verticalscrollarea.o
debruijnnode.o main.o moc_graphlayoutworker.cpp moc_verticallabel.o reduce.o XmlParser.o
DinoLineBuffer.o mainwindow.o moc_graphlayoutworker.o moc_verticalscrollarea.cpp runblastsearchworker.o
➜ Bandage git:(master) ✗ ./Bandage

]]> Jit https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/43670/useful-bioinformatics-analysis-tools Thu, 23 Dec 2021 23:10:02 -0600 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/43670/useful-bioinformatics-analysis-tools <![CDATA[Useful Bioinformatics Analysis Tools !]]> CoMeta

Classificier of reads from metagenomic sequencing experiments.

•  Kawulok, J., Deorowicz, S., CoMeta: Classification of Metagenomes Using k-mers, PLOS ONE, 2015; 10(4):1–23,

CoMSA

Compressor of multiple sequence alignments of proteins.

•  Deorowicz, S., Walczyszyn, J., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., CoMSA: compression of protein multiple sequence alignment files, Bioinformatics, 2019; 35(2):22–234,

DSRC

Compressor of sequencing reads.

•  Roguski, L., Deorowicz, S., DSRC 2: Industry-oriented compression of FASTQ files, Bioinformatics, 2014; 30(15):2213–2215,
•  Deorowicz, S., Grabowski, Sz., Compression of DNA sequences in FASTQ format, Bioinformatics, 2011; 27(6):860–862,

FAMSA

Multiple sequence alignment designed for huge families of proteins (even containing hundreds of thousands of sequences).

•  Deorowicz, S., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., Gudys, A., FAMSA: Fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment of huge protein families, Scientific Reports, 2016; 6(33964):

FaStore

Compressor of FASTQ files.

•  Roguski, L., Ochoa, I., Hernaez, M., Deorowicz, S., FaStore - a space-saving solution for raw sequencing data, Bioinformatics, 2018; 34(16):2748–2756,

FQSqueezer

Experimental high-end compressor of FASTQ files.

•  Deorowicz, S., FQSqueezer: k-mer-based compression of sequencing data, Scientific Reports, 2020; 10(578):

GDC

Compressor of collections of genome sequences.

•  Deorowicz, S., Danek, A., Niemiec, M., GDC 2: Compression of large collections of genomes, Scientific Reports, 2015; 5(11565):1–12,
•  Deorowicz, S., Grabowski, Sz., Robust relative compression of genomes with random access, Bioinformatics, 2011; 27(21):2979–2986,

GTC

Genotype databases compressor with support for fast queries.

•  Danek, A., Deorowicz, S., GTC: how to maintain huge genotype collections in a compressed form, Bioinformatics, 2018; 34(11):1834–1840,

GTShark

Genotypes compressor.

•  Deorowicz, S., Danek, A., GTShark: Genotype compression in large projects, Bioinformatics, 2019; 35(22):4791–4793,

KMC

Memory frugal k-mer counter.

•  Kokot, M., Długosz, M., Deorowicz, S., KMC 3: counting and manipulating k -mer statistics, Bioinformatics, 2017; 33(17):2759–2761,
•  Deorowicz, S., Kokot, M., Grabowski, Sz., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., KMC 2: Fast and resource-frugal k-mer counting, Bioinformatics, 2015; 31(10):1569–1576,
•  Deorowicz, S., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., Grabowski, Sz., Disk-based k-mer counting on a PC, BMC Bioinformatics, 2013; 14():Article no. 160,

Kmer-db

Tool for estimation of evolutionary distances in a collection of genomes.

•  Deorowicz, S., Gudys, A., Dlugosz, M., Kokot, M., Danek, A., Kmer-db: instant evolutionary distance estimation, Bioinformatics, 2019; 35(1):133–136,

MuGI

Index allowing queries for a collection of multiple genome sequences.

•  Danek, A., Deorowicz, S., Grabowski, Sz., Indexes of Large Genome Collections on a PC, PLOS ONE, 2014; 9(10):e109384,

ORCOM

Experimental compressor of sequencing reads.

•  Grabowski, Sz., Deorowicz, S., Roguski, L., Disk-based compression of data from genome sequencing, Bioinformatics, 2014; 31(9):1389–1395,

PgSA

Index allowing queries for a collection of sequencing reads.

•  Kowalski, T., Grabowski, Sz., Deorowicz, S., Indexing arbitrary-length k-mers in sequencing reads, PLOS ONE, 2015; 10(7):1–16,

QuickProbs

Multiple sequence alignment designed especially for GPU.

•  Gudys, A., Deorowicz, S., QuickProbs 2: towards rapid construction of high-quality alignments of large protein families, Scientific Reports, 2017; 7(41553):
•  Gudys, A., Deorowicz, S., QuickProbs – A Fast Multiple Sequence Alignment Algorithm Designed for Graphics Processors, PLOS ONE, 2014; 9(2):e88901,

RECKONER

Read error corrector.

•  Maciej Długosz, M., Deorowicz, S., RECKONER: read error corrector based on KMC, Bioinformatics, 2017; 33(7):1086–1089,

TGC

Compressor of collections of genomes given in Variant Call Format (VCF) files.

•  Deorowicz, S., Danek, A., Grabowski, Sz., Genome compression: a novel approach for large collections, Bioinformatics, 2013; 29(20):2572–2578,

VCFShark

Compressor of VCF files.

•  Deorowicz, S., Danek, A., GTShark: Genotype compression in large projects, biorxiv.org, 2020; ():

Whisper

Experimental mapper of whole genome sequencing data.

•  Deorowicz, S., Gudys, A., Whisper 2: indel-sensitive short read mapping, bioRxiv.org, 2019; :
•  Deorowicz, S., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., Gudys, A., Grabowski, Sz., Whisper: read sorting allows robust robust mapping of DNA sequencing data, Bioinformatics, 2019; 35(12):2043–2050,
•  Deorowicz, S., Debudaj-Grabysz, A., Gudys, A., Grabowski, Sz., Robust mapping of whole genome sequencing data, Poster at The Biology of Genomes Conference, 2017;

]]> Neel https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44002/interesting-bioinformatics-resources Fri, 11 Nov 2022 06:30:46 -0600 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44002/interesting-bioinformatics-resources <![CDATA[Interesting Bioinformatics Resources !]]> 1. a reproducible workflow. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3JldKoA0zw This two minute video will change your mind on reproducible research 

2. Parallel sequencing lives, or what makes large sequencing projects successful https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/6/11/gix100/4557140?login=false

3. Common-sense approaches to sharing tabular data alongside publication https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389921002300

4. A Reproducible Data Analysis Workflow with R Markdown, Git, Make, and Docker https://psyarxiv.com/8xzqy/

5. Practical Computational Reproducibility in the Life Sciences https://www.cell.com/cell-systems/fulltext/S2405-4712(18)30140-6

6. A video by Dr.Keith A. Baggerly from MD Anderson [The Importance of Reproducible Research in High-Throughput Biology](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gYIs7uYbMo) highly recommended.

7. Ten Simple Rules for Reproducible Computational Research http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285)

8. Good Enough Practices in Scientific Computing http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00037 

9. Best Practices for Scientific Computing https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001745

10. A Quick Guide to Organizing Computational Biology Projects http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.100042  A must read for computational biologists!

11. Reproducibility of computational workflows is automated using continuous analysis https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3780

12. Five selfish reasons to work reproducibly https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-015-0850-7

]]> Abhi https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/44618/important-bioinformatics-tools Tue, 30 Jul 2024 05:03:29 -0500 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/44618/important-bioinformatics-tools <![CDATA[Important Bioinformatics Tools !]]> 1. Ktrim: An extra-fast, accurate adapter trimmer for sequencing data. It processes FASTQ files from multiple lanes with minimal mismatching and over-trimming of adapters.

2. BWA MEM: A reliable alignment tool (particularly for mapping ALT contigs and HLA genes, which are not fully addressed in BWA-MEM2).

3. Sambamba markdup: Quickly marks or removes duplicate reads using Picard's criteria.

4. ichorCNA: Estimates the tumor DNA fraction in cell-free DNA from ultra-low-pass whole genome sequencing (0.1x coverage) based on copy number alterations (CNA).

5. Fragle: A deep learning method for quantifying ctDNA levels from cell-free DNA fragmentomic profiles. It detects TF as low as ~1% ctDNA and works with targeted genomic panel sequencing data.

6. AlfredQC: A quality control tool for high-throughput sequencing data. It assesses metrics like read quality scores, GC content, and duplication rates, visualized through detailed plots and summary statistics.

7. Mosdepth: A fast tool for calculating sequencing coverage depth, offering a quicker alternative to samtools/sambamba depth by processing BAM and CRAM files.

8. Bedtools: A versatile toolkit for genomics, enabling operations like intersect, merge, count, and shuffle on genomic intervals across formats such as BAM, BED, GFF/GTF, and VCF.

9. Datamash: A command-line tool for basic numeric, textual, and statistical operations on input data streams. It supports operations such as grouping, sorting, transposing, and performing arithmetic calculations on tabular data.

10. gwf.app: A pragmatic alternative to Snakemake. Developed at Aarhus University, this flexible, generic workflow tool builds and runs large scientific workflows.

]]> BioStar https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44914/predicting-pathogen-virulence-using-bioinformatics-tools Tue, 04 Nov 2025 07:55:53 -0600 https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44914/predicting-pathogen-virulence-using-bioinformatics-tools <![CDATA[Predicting Pathogen Virulence Using Bioinformatics Tools]]> In the genomic era, the ability to predict the virulence potential of pathogens has become an indispensable part of infectious disease research. With the exponential growth of microbial genome data, bioinformatics tools now enable scientists to identify virulence factors, model pathogen behavior, and even forecast outbreak risks — all from sequence data.

In an age where pathogens continue to evolve and cross boundaries, understanding what makes them virulent—that is, capable of causing disease—has become a critical focus in modern microbiology and genomics. Virulence prediction bridges computational biology, genomics, and machine learning to forecast the pathogenic potential of microbes before they strike.

What Is Virulence?

Virulence refers to the degree of damage a pathogen can inflict on its host. It is determined by a combination of genetic factors—called virulence factors (VFs)—that allow the organism to attach, invade, evade, and harm the host. These include genes coding for toxins, secretion systems, adhesins, and enzymes that disrupt host defenses.

Understanding virulence factors not only helps in deciphering the mechanisms of infection but also provides early warning signs for emerging threats.

Why Predict Virulence?

Traditional virulence studies relied heavily on experimental infection models, which, although accurate, are time-consuming, expensive, and ethically constrained.
Today, the availability of whole-genome sequences and large-scale pathogen databases has paved the way for in silico virulence prediction—a computational approach that can screen thousands of genomes within hours.

This approach enables researchers to:

  • Rapidly identify potential high-risk strains.

  • Prioritize pathogens for containment, surveillance, or further study.

  • Guide vaccine development and drug target discovery.

  • Support One Health frameworks, linking animal, human, and environmental health data.

How Is Virulence Predicted?

Virulence prediction combines bioinformatics pipelines with machine learning and comparative genomics. The process generally involves:

  1. Genome Annotation: Identifying genes and coding sequences in microbial genomes.

  2. Feature Extraction: Comparing sequences with curated databases like VFDB (Virulence Factor Database), PATRIC, or Victors.

  3. Pattern Recognition: Using algorithms (e.g., Random Forest, SVM, or deep learning models) to classify genes or strains as virulent or non-virulent based on sequence patterns, motifs, and protein domains.

  4. Scoring and Visualization: Assigning a virulence score or confidence level and visualizing it through heatmaps or genome maps.

Tools and Resources for Virulence Prediction

A number of tools and databases make virulence prediction accessible to the scientific community:

  • VFanalyzer – For identifying virulence genes based on VFDB.

  • PathoFact – Predicts virulence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and toxin genes from metagenomic data.

  • Pangenome-based models – Identify virulence-associated gene clusters across strains.

  • Machine learning models – Use features like GC content, codon usage bias, or protein domains to predict pathogenicity.

Emerging tools now integrate multi-omic data—including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—to understand virulence in a systems biology framework.

Applications in the Real World

Virulence prediction has major implications across public health and research sectors:

  • Epidemic preparedness: Early identification of virulent strains in outbreak samples.

  • AMR surveillance: Linking virulence profiles with antibiotic resistance determinants.

  • Environmental monitoring: Predicting pathogenic potential of soil or waterborne microbes.

  • Clinical diagnostics: Supporting personalized treatment through pathogen profiling.

For instance, integrating virulence prediction pipelines into national surveillance networks could enable faster risk assessment and response to infectious outbreaks.

The Road Ahead

As machine learning and genomics advance, virulence prediction will evolve from simple gene-based detection to dynamic, context-aware models that account for host–pathogen interactions, environmental signals, and evolutionary adaptation.

Future tools may predict not just if a strain is virulent, but under what conditions it expresses that virulence—bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype.

In Summary

Virulence prediction is redefining how we understand and anticipate infectious diseases. By coupling genomic insights with computational intelligence, researchers can identify potential threats earlier, design smarter interventions, and ultimately, strengthen our preparedness against emerging pathogens.

]]> BioStar