The aims of bio/medical research are also broad, including:
• Understanding mechanism of disease
• Understanding the impact of genetic and external factors on human health
• Designing and evaluating new therapeutic interventions
• Health genomics

List of Research Institutes in India (Biological Sciences)

BANGALORE
Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment
Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore-560064
Email: info@atree.org
Web: www.atree.org/
Research: ATREE deals with issues relating to the environmental, social and economic dimensions, and implications of, biological resources and natural ecosystems

Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka
Email:regr@admin.iisc.ernet.in
Web: www.iisc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Biochemistry, ecological sciences, microbiology & cell biology, molecular biophysics, molecular reproduction, development & genetics.

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, Karnataka
Email: academic@jncasr.ac.in
Web: www.jncasr.ac.in/
Research Areas: Evolutionary and organismal biology, molecular biology and genetics.

National Centre for Biological Science
GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: dean@ncbs.res.in
Web: www.ncbs.res.in
Research Areas: The research interests of the faculty range from single molecules to systems biology.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Bangalore 560029, Karnataka
Email: info@nimhans.kar.nic.in
Web: nimhans.kar.nic.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics, biostatistics, clinical psychology, epidemiology, human genetics, mental health education, neuroanaesthesia, neurochemistry, neuro imaging and interventional radiology, neurology, neuromicrobiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurosurgery, neurovirology.

Stem Cell Institute
NCBS, GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: ramas@ncbs.res.in
Web: underconstruction

University of Agricultural Sciences
GKVK, Bangalore 5600065, Karnataka
Email: root@uas.kar.nic.in
Web: uasbng.kar.nic.in/Default.htm
BARODA

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat
Web: msubaroda.ac.in/

BHOPAL
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Bhopal
Govindpura, Bhopal - 23
E-mail: director@iiserbhopal.ac.in
Web: www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics
BHUBANESHWAR
Institute of Life Sciences
Bhubaneswar 751 023, Orissa
Web: www.ils.res.in
Research Areas: Cancer, malaria, age diseases, stress biology, ecophysiology, plant molecular physiology, filariasis, tuberculosis, bio-perspecitve, agricultural biotechnology, bio-informatics.

National Institute of Science Education and Research – Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Physics Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa - 751 005,
e-mail : director@niser.ac.in
Web: www.niser.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.

Regional Research Laboratory
Bhubaneswar 751 013, Orissa
Email: root@csrrlbhu.ren.nic.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/rrl_bhu.html
Research Areas: Survey & cultivation of aromatic, medicinal and other economic plants.

Utkal University
Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Orissa
Web: www.utkaluniversity.org/
CHANDIGARH
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Mohali
Chandigarh
Email: webmaster@iisermohali.ac.in
Web: www.iisermohali.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology,
chemistry, math and physics

Institute of Microbial Technology
Sector 39–A, Chandigarh 160 036
Email: raghava@imtech.res.in
Web: www.imtech.res.in/
Research Areas: Molecular biology and microbial genetics,
animal cell/tissue culture and protein engineering.

Panjab University
Chandigarh 160 014
Email: pulib@puchd.ren.nic.in
Web: www.puchd.ac.in/

Postgraduate institute of Medical Education and Research
Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160 012
Email: pgimer@chd.nic.in
Web: pgimer.nic.in/
Research Areas: Obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry,
biochemistry, haematology, clinical parasitology etc.
CHENNAI
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu
Email: tppro@acer.iitm.ernet.in
Web: www.iitm.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.

University of Madras
University Centenary Building, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005, Tamil Nadu
Email: webmaster@unom.ac.in
Web: www.unom.ac.in/
DARJEELING
University of North Bengal
Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734 430, West Bengal
Email:(Registrar): regnbu@dte.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nbu.ac.in/
DELHI
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
Email: webmastr@aiims.ac.in
Web: www.aiims.ac.in/

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: info@igib.res.in
Web: www.igib.res.in/
Research Areas: Allergy and immunology, diagnostics, genetic engineering, bio-organics and high-tech reagents.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016
Email: malhotra@admin.iitd.ernet.in
Web: www.iitd.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biochemical engineering & biotechnology.
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.icgeb.trieste.it/
Research Areas: Mammalian biology:
Virology immunology, malaria,
recombinant gene products,
Plant molecular biology, plant transformation,
insect resistance, plant resistance.

Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
Email: webmaster@mail.jnu.ac.in
Web: www.jnu.ac.in

National Centre for Plant Genome Research
JNU Campus, New Delhi
Email: tapas_s3@yahoo.co.in
Web: ncpgr.nic.in/
Research Areas: Nutritional, structural, and functional genomics of various plant systems.

National Institute of Immunology
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.nii.res.in/
Research Areas: Gene regulation, immunity & infection, molecular design, reproduction & development.

TERI University
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070 / India
E-mail: registrar@teri.res.in
Web: www.teriuniversity.ac.in
Research Areas: Environmental Studies, Natural Resources Management, Climate Science and Policy, Plant Biotechnology

University of Delhi
University Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: webmaster@du.ac.in
Web: www.du.ac.in/
GOA
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, Goa
Email: info@ncaor.org
Research Areas: Co–ordination and implementation of the Indian Antarctic Programme.


National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula 403 004, Goa
Email: webmaster@darya.nio.org
Web: www.nio.org/
Research Areas: International geosphere-bio-sphere programme, marine biotechnology.
GURGAON
National Brain Research Centre
Near NSG Campus, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana
Email: info@nbrc.ac.in
Web: www.nbrc.ac.in/
Research Areas: Brain research.
GUWAHATI
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
North Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam
Email: mcb@iitg.ernet.in
Web: www.iitg.ernet.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.


Gauhati University
Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781 014, Assam
Web: http://www.gauhati.ac.in/.
HYDERABAD
Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: (Director): lalji@ccmb.res.in
Web: www.ccmb.res.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics & biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics & evolution, biomedicines & biotechnology.


Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
CDFD, Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad - 500 001.
Email: director@cdfd.org.in
Web: www.cdfd.org.in/
Research Areas: Automated genome analysis, bacterial genetics, cancer biology, cell biology & gene expression, computational biology, computational & functional genomics, immunology, mammalian genetics, molecular genetics, molecular oncology, molecular virology, structural biology, transcription, developmental neuroscience and drosophila genetics.


Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: kvr@iict.ap.nic.in, sampath@iict.ap.nic.in
Web: www.iictindia.org/
Research Areas: Pesticides, drugs, organic intermediates and fine chemicals.


LV Prasad Eye Intstitute
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: communications@lvpei.org
Web: www.lvpei.org/
LVPEI is a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness. Equipped with cutting-edge technology and distinguished professionals in the field of Eye care


University of Hyderabad
P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh
Email: trctcs@uohyd.ernet.in
Web: www.uohyd.ernet.in/
IMPHAL
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur
Email: ibsd_imp@sancharnet.in, ibsd-imphal@man.nic.in
Web: ibsd-imphal.nic.in/
Research Areas: Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity.
ITANAGAR
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
Itanagar, Nirjuli, Papumpare 791 109, Arunachal Pradesh
Email: dir@nerist.ernet.in
Web: www.nerist.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural engineering, forestry.
JAIPUR
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur 320 004, Rajasthan
Email: info@uniraj.org
Web: www.uniraj.org/
JAMMU and KASHMIR
Regional Research Laboratory
Canal Road, Jammu 130 001, Jammu & Kashmir
Email: (Director): qazi_gn@yahoo.com, root@csrrljm.ren.nic.in
Web: www.rrljammu.org/
Research Areas: Natural products & organic chemistry, improvement & cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, post harvest technology and applied microbiology & mutation genetics.

University of Jammu
Jammu 180 006, Jammu & Kashmir
Web: www.jammuuniversity.org/

University of Kashmir
Hazratbal,Srinagar-190006,Jammu and Kashmir
Email: info@kashmiruniversity.net
Web: http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/

Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science (SKIMS)
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skimsweb@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skims.ac.in/

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST)
Shalimar Campus, Srinagar - 191121 Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skuastkashmir@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural Sciences, fisheries and veterinary sciences.
JORHAT
Regional Research Laboratory
Jorhat 785 006, Assam
Email: drrljt@csir.res.in, inform@csir.res.in
Web: jorhat.nic.in/rrl.htm
Research Areas: Agrochemicals, drugs and drug intermediates, organic chemistry, biochemistry.
KANPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
GT Road, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh
Email: infocell@iitk.ac.in
Web: www.iitk.ac.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biological sciences & bioengineering.
KHARAGPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal
Email: (PRO): ashok@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in
Web: www.iitkgp.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
KOCHI
Cochin University of Science and Technology
South Kalamessery, Kochi 682 022, Kerala
Email: webmaster@cusat.ac.in
Web: www.cusat.ac.in/.
KOLKATA
Bose Institute
93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Email: sidroy@bic.boseinst.ernet.in
Web: www.boseinstitute.org/
Research Areas: Bioinformatics & computational biology, structure and functional dynamics of biomolecules, drug modeling, molecular genetics of microbes, transgenic plants etc.


Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: (Director): director@iicb.res.in
Web: www.iicb.res.in/
Research Areas: Natural products of medicinal, biological and industrial value, immunoassay techniques, tissue-targeted drug-delivery system.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Jadavpur University
188 Raja S.C. Mallik Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: registrar@jdvu.ac.in
Web: www.jadavpur.edu/


University of Calcutta
Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Web: www.kolkata.org/cu/
KURUKSHETRA
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana
Email: jskadian@rediffmail.com
Web: kuk.ernet.in/
LUCKNOW
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
53 University Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@bsip.res.in
Web: www.bsip-india.org/index.htm
Research Areas: Botanical palaeobotany: Morphotaxonomy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, phylogeny and evolution.


Central Drug Research Institute
Chattar Manzil Palace, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@cdriindia.org
Web: www.cdriindia.org/
Research Areas: Development of contraceptives, new drugs for tropical diseases (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis), cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Lucknow 226 015, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@cimap.res.in
Web: www.cimap.res.in/
Research Areas: Agrotechnologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, phytochemistry, plant physiology and biochemistry, pathology, genetics, entomology and pharmacognosy.


Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@itrcindia.org
Web: www.itrcindia.org/
Research Areas: Neurotoxicology, environmental health, immunotoxicology and environmental biotechnology.


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
MUMBAI
Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410 210
Web: www.actrec.gov.in/
Research Areas: Research investigations currently focus on molecular mechanisms of cancer, drug development and emerging therapies for treatment and prevention of cancer.


Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, Maharashtra
Email: webmaster@magnum.barc.ernet.in
Web: www.barc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Chemical and life sciences, nuclear agriculture.


Bombay Natural History Society
Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra
Email: bnhs@bom4.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.bnhs.org/


Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra
Email: registrar@iitb.ac.in
Web: www.iitb.ac.in/
Research Areas: Earth sciences; Science: Biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics.


Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005.
Web: www.tifr.res.in/
Department of Biological Sciences: www.tifr.res.in/~dbs
Research Areas: TIFR is a multidisciplinary research organisation working in the area of Natural Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), Mathematics and Computer Science.


University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santa Cruz (W), Mumbai 400 098, Maharashtra
Web: www.mu.ac.in/


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
NAGPUR
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra
Email: dirneeri@nagpur.dot.net.in
Web: www.neeri.nic.in/
Research Areas: Environmental biotechnology.
PUNE
Agharkar Research Institute
G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra
Web: www.aripune.org/
Research Areas: Animal sciences, microbial sciences, plant sciences.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Pune
Email: director@iiserpune.ac.in
Web: www.iiserpune.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.


National Chemical Laboratory
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra
Email: director@ems.ncl.res.in
Web: www.ncl-india.org/
Research Areas: biotechnology, biochemistry.>


National Centre for Cell Sciences
NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra
Email: infonccs@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nccs.res.in/
Research Areas: Cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, hybridoma technology, tissue banking & tissue engineering, regenerative biology, virology (HIV), cancer biology, diabetes, cryobiology transplantation, gene therapy.


University of Pune
Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra Telephone: 020-5601305
Email: Registrar): regis@unipune.ernet.in
Web: www.unipune.ernet.in/
PALAMPUR
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
Post Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh
Email: root@csihbt.ren.nic.in, director@ihbt.csir.res.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/ihbt.html
Research Areas: Floriculture, tea sciences, biotechnology and natural plant products.
PATIALA
Punjabi University
Patiala 147 002, Punjab
Email: ucc@pbi.ac.in
Web: www.universitypunjabi.org/
PILANI
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Vidhya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan
Email: mmsanand@bits-pilani.ac.in
Web: www.bits-pilani.ac.in/
ROORKEE
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667, Uttaranchal
Email: (Registrar): regis@iitr.ernet.in
Web: www.iitr.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
SHANTINIKETAN
Visva-Bharati University
Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235, West Bengal
Email: Root@vbharat.ernet.in
Web: www.visva-bharati.ac.in/
SHILLONG
North-Eastern Hill University
Umshing, Shillong 793 022, Meghalaya
Email: admin@nehu.ac.in
Web: www.nehu.ac.in/
SILCHAR
Assam University
P.O. Box 63, Silchar 788 011, Assam
Email: auliba@sancharnet.in, asokesen@sancharnet.in
Web: assamuniversity.nic.in/
TRIVANDUM
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Trivandum
Trivandrum, Kerala,India.
Web: www.iisertvm.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Regional Research Laboratory
Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala
Email: root@csrrltrd.ren.nic.in
Web: w3rrlt.csir.res.in/
Research Areas: Chemistry of natural products, agroprocessing, photochemical systems including solar energy conversion, analysis of pollutants and waste-water technology.

VARANASI
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh
Email: webmaster@bhu.ac.in
Web: www.bhu.ac.in/index.html

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Indian Council for Agricultural Research
Main Web site: www.icar.org.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: www.icar.org.in/icar15.html


CSIR Laboratories
Main CSIR website–www.csir.res.in/

-------------------------------

Department of Atomic Energy
Main CSIR website–www.barc.ernet.in/


Department of Biotechnology
Main CSIR website–dbtindia.nic.in/index.asp

Dept. of Science & Technology
Main Website: Main Website: www.dst.gov.in/


Indian Council for Medical Research
Main Web site: icmr.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICMR: icmr.nic.in/institute.htm#Permanent%20Institutes/Centres

Ministry of Environment and Forest
Main Web site: envfor.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: cyberjournalist.org.in/linksr.html

• recovering signals in networks after a stimulation (cascade network reverse engineering),
• analysing periodic signals.

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/fbertran/Patterns

Many of the Perl scripts require that the VCF files are compressed by bgzip and indexed by tabix (both tools are part of the tabix package, available for download here). The VCF files can be compressed and indexed using the following commands

bgzip my_file.vcf
tabix -p vcf my_file.vcf.gz

http://vcftools.sourceforge.net/perl_module.html

Address of the bookmark: http://vcftools.sourceforge.net/perl_module.html

'du' – Check the size of a directory

$ du
This command ( du) gives you a list of directories that exist in the current working directory along with their sizes in kilobytes (default). The last line of the output gives you the total size of the current directory including its subdirectories.

$ du /home/jin1
The above command would give you the directory size of the directory /home/david

$ du -h
The same “du”command with some flag gives you a better output than the default one. The option '-h' stands for human readable format. Therefore, in order to print the sizes of the files / directories in your desire notation use this time suffixed with a 'k' if its kilobytes and 'M' if its Megabytes and 'G' if its Gigabytes.

$ du -ah
If you are interested in checking everything present in a folder use above mentioned command. It gives us not only the directories but also all the files that are present in the current directory. The “-a” flag displays the filenames along with the directory names in the output.

$ du -c
This gives you a grand total as the last line of the output. So if your directory occupies 30MB the last 2 lines of the output would be 30M.

$ du -s
Use this command to displays a summary of the directory size. It is the simplest way to know the total size of the current directory.

$ du -S
This would display the size of the current directory excluding the size of the subdirectories that exist within that directory. So it basically shows you the total size of all the files that exist in the current directory.

$ du --exculde=mp3
Several times it required to exclude some directory in our size calculation. In such cases the above command would display the size of the current directory along with all its subdirectories, but it would exclude all the files having the given pattern present in their filenames.

'df' - finding the disk free space / disk usage

$ df
Hmmm … now “df” command is really useful, and I guess you are going to use it over time. Typing the above command, outputs a table consisting of 6 columns. All the columns are very easy to understand. Remember that the 'Size', 'Used' and 'Avail' columns use kilobytes as the unit. The 'Use%' column shows the usage as a percentage which is also very useful.

$ df -h
Displays the same output as the previous command but the '-h' indicates human readable format. Hence instead of kilobytes as the unit the output would have 'M' for Megabytes and 'G' for Gigabytes.

Example: Linux installed on /dev/hda1
$ df -h | grep /dev/hda1

All right, this is not the only option to check the sizes and free spaces but there are a few more options that can be used with 'du' and 'df' . I will discuss it later.

It was originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute to bundle a FASTA sequence and its quality data, but has recently become the de facto standard for storing the output of high-throughput sequencing instruments such as the Illumina Genome Analyzer.^[1]

Address of the bookmark: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTQ_format

https://pandoc.org/index.html

Address of the bookmark: https://pandoc.org/

Genomes and genomics:

Bioinformatics and Genomics:

Structural genomics tutorial:

Comparative Genomics Tutorial:

GENOME TUTORIAL:

Tools and resources for identifying protein families, domains and motifs

Bioinformatics Tools 
Tips, Tutorials, and Terminology for Using Selected Resources in Genome Database Guide:

A Web-Based Comparative Genomics Tutorial for Investigating Microbial Genomes:

Free Online Tutorials Teach Anyone How to Use Genome Databases:

Circos to create concise, explanatory, unique and print-ready visualizations of your data:

Genomics and Comparative Genomics Learning Module:

Computational Challenges in Comparative Genomics

A Tutorial:

A Comparative Genomics Resource for Grains:

PLAZA: A Comparative Genomics Resource to Study Gene and Genome Evolution in Plants:

VISTA:

Software for Genomics

1. Artemis Artemis is a free genome viewer and annotation tool that allows visualization of sequence features and the results of analyses within the context of the sequence, and its six-frame translation.
2. Chromas It will display and prints chromatogram files from ABI automated DNA sequencers, and Staden SCF files which the analysis programs for ALF, Li-Cor and Visible Genetics OpenGene sequencers can create.
3. Glimmer A system for finding genes in microbial DNA, especially the genomes of bacteria and archaea.Glimmer (Gene Locator and Interpolated Markov Modeler) uses interpolated Markov models (IMMs) to identify the coding regions and distinguish them from noncoding DN
4. Glimmer HMM A fast and accurate gene finder based on a GHMM architecture, developed specifically for eukaryotes. It incorporates splice site models adapted from the GeneSplicer program and uses interpolated Markov models for evaluating the coding regions.
5. Glimmer M A gene finder derived from Glimmer, but developed specifically for eukaryotes. It is based on a dynamic programming algorithm that considers all combinations of possible exons for inclusion in a gene model and chooses the best of these combinations. The d
6. MUMmer MUMmer is a system for rapidly aligning entire genomes, whether in complete or draft form.
7. pDRAW pDRAW32 is being developed as a free time hobby project. It is far from finished, but as it has reached a point where it could be helpful for many labs, it is now available to the scientific community.
8. Sequin Sequin is a stand-alone software tool developed by the NCBI for submitting and updating entries to the GenBank, EMBL, or DDBJ sequence databases. It is capable of handling simple submissions that contain a single short mRNA sequence, and complex submissio
9. Staden The Staden Package consists of a series of tools for DNA sequence preparation (pregap4), assembly (gap4), editing (gap4) and DNA/protein sequence analysis (spin).

For more software @ http://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/926/list-of-popular-bioinformatics-softwaretools

You can also add your favourite NGS educational material, or workshop tutorial by commenting on this bookmarks for user benefit. 

Understanding the basics of genome sequencing:

Tutorial by Luke Jostins.

http://www.genetic-inference.co.uk/blog/2009/04/basics-sequencing-dna-part-1/

http://www.genetic-inference.co.uk/blog/2009/08/basics-sequencing-dna-part-2/

A window into third-generation sequencing

http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/R2/R227.full.pdf

==============================================

NGS data analysis pipelines

• Detecting and annotating genetic variations using the HugeSeq pipeline  DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2134
• NARWHAL, a primary analysis pipeline for NGS data http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/284?etoc
• RseqFlow: Workflows for RNA-Seq data analysis  DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr441
• ngs_backbone: a pipeline for read cleaning, mapping and SNP calling using Next Generation Sequence  10.1186/1471-2164-12-285
• A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data  PubMed: 21478889
• SNiPlay: a web-based tool for detection, management and analysis of SNPs. Application to grapevine diversity projects  DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-134 Abstract: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/134/abstract
• WEP: a high-performance analysis pipeline for whole-exome data http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/14/S7/S11
• DDBJ read annotation pipeline: a cloud computing-based pipeline for high-throughput analysis of next-generation sequencing data. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657089
• GATK: a Toolkit for Genome Analysis http://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/
• Metagenomics:http://www.nbic.nl/education/nbic-phd-school/course-schedule/ngsmetagenomics/
• RNASeq:http://www.nbic.nl/education/nbic-phd-school/course-schedule/ngsrnaseq/
• Bioinformatics and Seq courses: http://www.isb-sib.ch/training/training-activities-schedule/archive-2013.html
• Variant Detection (Model organism) Advanced tutorial https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1CuKkKylVDb03tnN7RSWl5EUzleetn0ctjmvaidPKLxM
• Variant Detection Introductory tutorial https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1ZRzrjjOCvtAu3m-IKL-rbJ1f4On60dDL_IEwG7oejdI
• Microbial de novo Assembly for Illumina Data Introductory tutorial https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1N3AB9ptISUu4zULqe1kXpVF0BDyGb5f5yzxWSJd_WNM
• RNAseq Differential Gene Expression Introductory tutorial https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1KbTiBHtvHLfPRZ39AY3uriazrINA8TJzgjjwn1zPP7Y

" Please add your favourite NGS link below in comment section for the benefit of bioinformatics community ". 

Address of the bookmark: http://chagall.med.cornell.edu/NGScourse/

Basic Galaxy Tutorial

• RNA-Seq tutorial based on Trapnell et al. (2012) Nature Protocols

In this tutorial we cover the concepts of RNA-Seq differential gene expression (DGE) analysis using a very small synthetic dataset from a well studied organism.

Advanced Galaxy Tutorial

• RNA-Seq (Advanced) Tutorial

In this tutorial we compare the performance of three statistically-based differential expression tools:

* CuffDiff

* EdgeR

* DESeq2

Advanced Command Line Tutorial

• Graphical Output with CummeRbund introduces some basic commands using the cummeRbund package of the R programming language

You will need to install R, RStudio and cummeRbund on your PC (explained in the Tutorial). You will learn how to produce graphical output from RNA-Seq analysis previously done using a Cuffdiff analysis.

Variant Detection

Basic Galaxy Tutorial

• Variant Detection tutorial

In this tutorial we cover the concepts of detecting small variants (SNVs and indels) in human genomic DNA using a small set of reads from chromosome 22.

Advanced Galaxy Tutorial

• Variant Detection (Advanced) Tutorial

In this tutorial we compare the performance of three statistically-based variant detection tools:

* SAMtools: Mpileup

* GATK: Unified Genotyper

* FreeBayes

Each of these tools takes as its input a BAM file of aligned reads and generates a list of likely variants in VCF format

Pipelines are for those who are comfortable with using the UNIX command line; and often allow more control over branching and iteration logic.

• WGS/exome GATK-based variant calling pipeline

This is a basic variant-calling and annotation pipeline developed at the Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative (VLSCI), University of Melbourne. It is based around BWA, GATK and ENSEMBL and was originally designed for human (or similar) data. The master branch is configured for WGS data; there is an exome branch configured for variant calling in exome data.

To run the pipeline you will need Rubra: https://github.com/bjpop/rubra. Rubra uses the python Ruffus library: http://www.ruffus.org.uk/.

Protocols

• Familial Variant Calling

In this protocol we discuss and outline the process of calling familial related mutations.

• Somatic Variant Calling

In this protocol we discuss and outline the process of identifying somatic variants or mutations.

Assembly

Basic Galaxy Tutorial

• Genome assembly tutorial

In this tutorial we carry out de novo assembly of a microbial genome. We have also written a De novo Genome Assembly for Illumina Data Protocol for a more generic description of the method.

Protocol

• De novo Genome Assembly for Illumina Data

In this protocol we discuss and outline the process of de novo assembly for small to medium sized genomes. Use our Genome assembly tutorial to learn a specific case of using Galaxy to carry out de novo assembly of a microbial genome.

Small RNAs

Basic Galaxy Tutorial

• Quality control for small RNA

This tutorial covers initial steps of the workflow for analysis of short RNA expression such as a quality control of the raw reads, processing of the raw reads for the subsequent analysis and initial quality assessment of the library.

ChIP Seq

Protocol

• ChIP-Seq

In this protocol we discuss ChIP-Seq: a method to analyze the interaction between proteins and DNA.

Amplicons

Protocol

• Amplicon Alignment

In this protocol we discuss and outline the process of aligning custom amplicons using primers for high precision.

Learn Galaxy

Introduction to Galaxy, for those who are very new to Galaxy.

Using Histories and Workflows, for those with some Galaxy knowledge.

The Galaxy project website has many tutorials and screencasts about using Galaxy and the tools, and developing new tools.

Address of the bookmark: https://genome.edu.au/wiki/Learn

http://www.broadinstitute.org/igv/

Address of the bookmark: https://wikis.utexas.edu/display/bioiteam/Integrative+Genomics+Viewer+%28IGV%29+tutorial