clean: the transcript origin is from the focal sample.

cross contamination: the transcript origin is from an alien sample of the same experiment.

dubious: expression levels are too close between focal and alien samples to determine the true origin of the transcript.

low coverage: expression levels are too low in all samples, thus hampering our procedure (which relies on differential expression) to confidently assign it to any category.

over expressed: expression levels are very high in at least 3 samples and CroCo will not try to categorize it. Indeed, such a pattern does not correspond to expectations for cross contaminations, but often reflect highly conserved genes such as ribosomal gene, or external contamination shared by several samples (e.g. Escherichia coli contaminations).

Address of the bookmark: https://gitlab.mbb.univ-montp2.fr/mbb/CroCo

MFannot is a program for the annotation of mitochondrial and plastid genomes. It is a PERL wrapper around a set of diverse, external independent tools.

It makes intense use of RNA/intron detection tools including HMMER, Exonerate, Erpin and others.

http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/mfannot/mfannotInterface.pl

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/BFL-lab/Mfannot

Address of the bookmark: https://sites.google.com/g.hmc.edu/empress/home

So far miniasm is in early development stage. It has only been tested on a dozen of PacBio and Oxford Nanopore (ONT) bacterial data sets. Including the mapping step, it takes about 3 minutes to assemble a bacterial genome. Under the default setting, miniasm assembles 9 out of 12 PacBio datasets and 3 out of 4 ONT datasets into a single contig. The 12 PacBio data sets are PacBio E. coli sample, ERS473430, ERS544009, ERS554120, ERS605484, ERS617393, ERS646601, ERS659581, ERS670327, ERS685285, ERS743109 and a deprecated PacBio E. coli data set. ONT data are acquired from the Loman Lab.

For a C. elegans PacBio data set (only 40X are used, not the whole dataset), miniasm finishes the assembly, including reads overlapping, in ~10 minutes with 16 CPUs. The total assembly size is 105Mb; the N50 is 1.94Mb. In comparison, the HGAP3produces a 104Mb assembly with N50 1.61Mb. This dotter plot gives a global view of the miniasm assembly (on the X axis) and the HGAP3 assembly (on Y). They are broadly comparable. Of course, the HGAP3 consensus sequences are much more accurate. In addition, on the whole data set (assembled in ~30 min), the miniasm N50 is reduced to 1.79Mb. Miniasm still needs improvements.

Miniasm confirms that at least for high-coverage bacterial genomes, it is possible to generate long contigs from raw PacBio or ONT reads without error correction. It also shows that minimap can be used as a read overlapper, even though it is probably not as sensitive as the more sophisticated overlapers such as MHAP and DALIGNER. Coupled with long-read error correctors and consensus tools, miniasm may also be useful to produce high-quality assemblies.

Minimap and miniasm are ultrafast tools for (i) mapping and (ii) assembly. Designed for long, noisy reads, they do not have a correction or consensus step, and therefore the resulting assemblies are contiguous (i.e. long) but very noisy (i.e. full of errors)

We start with an all against all comparison:

minimap -Sw5 -L100 -m0 -t8 reads.fq reads.fq | gzip -1 > reads.paf.gz

Then we can assemble

miniasm -f reads.fq reads.paf.gz > reads.gfa

Convert GFA to FASTA:

awk '/^S/{print ">"$2"\n"$3}' reads.gfa | fold > reads.fa

And then count how many contigs:

grep ">" reads.fa | wc -l

# Download sample PacBio from the PBcR website
wget -O- http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/PBcR/data/selfSampleData.tar.gz | tar zxf -
ln -s selfSampleData/pacbio_filtered.fastq reads.fq
# Install minimap and miniasm (requiring gcc and zlib)
git clone https://github.com/lh3/minimap && (cd minimap && make)
git clone https://github.com/lh3/miniasm && (cd miniasm && make)
# Overlap
minimap/minimap -Sw5 -L100 -m0 -t8 reads.fq reads.fq | gzip -1 > reads.paf.gz
# Layout
miniasm/miniasm -f reads.fq reads.paf.gz > reads.gfa

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/lh3/miniasm

Find the detail of the reads repeats:

fq2fa ONT_A.fastq ONT_A.fasta 

minimap2 -xava-ont ONT_A.fasta ONT_A.fasta -t10 -X > AONT.paf 

awk '{if($1==$6){print}}' AONT.paf > AONTself.paf 

awk '$5=="-"' AONTself.paf | awk '{print $1}'| sort|uniq > invertedrepeat.list

Generated a few palindrome and repeats plots (highlighting only repeats largest than 10, 20 and 30 kb)

minidot -f 5 -m 30000 AONTself.paf > AONTself30000.eps 
sed 's/_template_pass_FAH31515//' AONTself30000.eps > AONTself30000final.eps 

minidot -f 5 -m 20000 AONTself.paf > AONTself20000.eps 
sed 's/_template_pass_FAH31515//' AONTself20000.eps > AONTself20000final.eps 

minidot -f 5 -m 10000 AONTself.paf > AONTself10000.eps 
sed 's/_template_pass_FAH31515//' AONTself10000.eps > AONTself10000final.eps 

Assemble with miniasm:

miniasm -f ONT_A.fasta AONT.paf > AONT.gfa 

grep '^S' AONT.gfa |awk '{print ">"$2"\n"$3}' > AONT_miniasm.fasta 

minimap2 -xasm10 AONT_miniasm.fasta AONT_miniasm.fasta -t1 -X > AONT_miniasm.paf 

awk '{if($1==$6){print}}' AONT_miniasm.paf > AONT_miniasm_self.paf 

minidot -f 5 -m 10000 AONT_miniasm_self.paf > AONT_miniasm_self10000.eps 

Njoy the assembly !

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/fenderglass/Flye