Variant calling and/or genotyping

• DiscoSNP++ and discoSnpRAD: Reference-free small variant discovery (SNPs and indels)
• MindTheGap: Detection and assembly of large insertion variants
• TakeABreak: reference-free inversion discovery tool
• SVJedi: Structural Variant genotyper with long read data
• SVJedi-graph: Structural Variant genotyper with long read data using a variation graph

Sequence assembly

• MinYS: reference-guided genome assembly in metagenomics data
• MTG-link: local assembly tool for linked-read data
• Minia: De novo short read assembler
• de-novo pipeline: de-novo assembly pipeline (error correction / contigs / scaffolding) for genomes and meta-genomes
• Mapsembler2: Targeted assembly (not maintained)

Managing k-mers & indexation

• findere: simple strategy for speeding up queries and for reducing false positive calls from any Approximate Membership Query data structure.
  • fimpera extends findere adding the abundance information.
• kmtricks: modular tool suite for counting kmers, and constructing Bloom filters or kmer matrices, for large collections of sequencing data.
• kmindex is a tool for indexing and querying sequencing samples. It is built on top of kmtricks.
• back to sequences: Find sequences (reads, unitigs, genes) related to a set of kmers in large datasets, in a matter of seconds.
• Backpack Quotient Filter: k-mer indexing data structure with abundance
• short read connector: Detect similar reads from potentially large read set
• DSK: Count K-mer in sequences

Pangenome graph manipulation

• Pancat: Pangenome Comparison and Analysis Toolkit
• GFAGraphs: a Python library to handle pangenome graph files in GFA format.

Comparative metagenomics with k-mers

• Simka and SimkaMin: Comparative metagenomics for large-scale datasets
• Comparead & Commet: comparison of metagenomic datasets

Species and bacterial strains identification

• ORI: software using long nanopore reads to identify bacteria present in a sample at the strain level
• StrainFLAIR: STRAIN-level proFiLing using vArIation gRaph

General-purpose sequencing data manipulation

• GASSST: long read mapper
• Leon: short read compressor (now included in GATB-core)
• Bloocoo: short read corrector
• BCALM: Construct compacted de Bruijn graphs (unitigs)

 Protein Structure

• A_Purva: Contact Map Overlap solver
• MD-Jeep: Distance Geometry solver
• CSA: Comparative Structural Alignment

Workflow

• SLICEE: parallel execution of bioinformatics workflows

Comparative Genomics

• CASSIS: detection of rearrangement breakpoints
• PLAST: intensive bank-to-bank sequence comparison
• DRJBreakpointFinder: detection and precise localization of excision sites in proviral segments

It is possible to create a vector by typing data directly into R using the combine function ‘c’

x

same as

x

creates the vector x with the numbers between 1 and 5.

You can see what is in an object at any time by typing its name;

x

will produce the output ‘[1] 1 2 3 4 5′

Note that names need to be quoted

daysofweek ← c(‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’);

Usually however you want to input from a file. We have touched on the ‘read.table’ function already.

mydata

Now mydata is a data frame with multiple vectors

each vector can be identified by the default syntax

#if any of these are typed it will print to screen

mydata$V1 mydata$V2 mydata$V3

By default the function assumes certain things from the file

• The file is a plain text file (there are function to read excel files: not covered here)
• columns are separated by any number of tabs or spaces
• there is the same number of data points in each column
• there is no header row (labels for the columns)
• there is no column with names for the rows** [I’ll explain].

If any of these are false, we need to tell that to the function

If it has a header column

mydata header=T also works

Note that there is a comma between different parts of the functions arguments

If there is one less column in the header row, then R assumes that the 1^st column of data after the header are the row names

Now the vectors (columns) are identified by their name

#if any of these are typed it will print to screen

mydata$A mydata$B mydata$C

# Summary about the whole data frame

summary(mydata)

# Summary information of column A

summary(mydata$A)

We can shortcut having to type the data frame each time by attaching it

attach(mydata)

# summary of column B as ‘mydata’ is attached

summary(B)

Two other important options for read.table

If is is separated only by tabs and has a header

mydata

Really useful if you have spaces in the contents of some columns, so R does not mess up reading the columns . However if the columns or of an uneven length it will tell you.

If you know that the file has uneven columns

mydata

This causes R to fill empty spaces in a columns with ‘NA’ .

The last two examples will still work with our file and give the same result as with only headers=T

Graphs

to get an idea of what R is capable of type

demo(graphics)

steps through the examples, and the code is printed to the screen

We will work with simpler examples that have immediate use to biologists.

Remember to get more information about the options to a function type ‘?function’

Histogram of A

hist(mydata$A)

If there was more data we could increase the number of vertical columns with the option, breaks=50 (or another relevant number).

boxplot(mydata)

We can get rid of the need to type the data frame each time by using the attach function

# if not already done so

attach(mydata)

boxplot(mydata$A, mydata$B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

same as

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

Scatter plot

# if not already done so

attach(mydata)

plot(A,B) # or plot(mydata$A, mydata$B)

SAVING an image

Windows users (Rgui) RIGHT click on image and select which you want.

These instructions work for everyone.

You need to create a new device of the type of file you need, then send the data to that device

to save as a png file (easy to load into the likes of powerpoint, also great for web applications.

png(‘filename’)

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

or to save as a pdf

pdf(‘filename’)

boxplot(A, B, name=c(“Value A”, “Value B”) , ylab=“Count of Something”)

Note

• Nothing will appear on screen, the output is going to the file
• Also it may not be saved immediately but will once the device (or R) is turned quit.

To quit R type

q() # If you save your session, next time you start R, you will have your data preloaded.

Or if you want to remain in R

dev.off() #turns of the png (or pdf etc) device, thus forces the data to save

The new features include

(i) building gene-based and supermatrix-based phylogenies using a single command,

(ii) testing and visualizing evolutionary models,

(iii) calculating distances between trees of different size or including duplications, and

(iv) providing seamless integration with the NCBI taxonomy database.

ETE is freely available at http://etetoolkit.org

Address of the bookmark: http://etetoolkit.org

https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/09/nist-releases-new-family-standardized-genomes

Address of the bookmark: https://jimb.stanford.edu/giab/

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/awslabs/autogluon

https://www.nasa.gov/reference/osdr-data-processing/

Address of the bookmark: https://www.nasa.gov/osdr/

[Download software package (includes the manual)] (you will be directed first to a registration page and we would very much appreciate if you register) 
[Download manual] 
[Download software note from Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 137-138 (2004)]

To use the UNIX versions, unzip and untar the files in an appropriate directory using

gunzip filename.tar.gz; tar xvf filename.tar

where "filename.tar.gz" is the downloaded file. Winzip will unzip the Windows version. Run the program by typing

./distruct

in UNIX or

distruct

from a Dos prompt in Windows. It will produce a figure using the data that are represented in the Central/South Asia K=5 plot in Science 298: 2381-2385 (2002).

Please send comments or problems with distruct to Noah Rosenberg.

October 15, 2014 — Users of Distruct may also find CLUMPP and CLUMPAK of interest.

Address of the bookmark: https://rosenberglab.stanford.edu/distruct.html

What is Magic Wormhole?
Magic Wormhole is an open-source command-line tool that allows you to securely send files or text from one computer to another. Developed by Brian Warner, it aims to eliminate the usual hassle of file transfers: setting up SSH servers, dealing with firewall rules, cloud storage uploads, or even worrying about man-in-the-middle attacks.

Using a combination of PAKE (Password-Authenticated Key Exchange) protocols and end-to-end encryption, Magic Wormhole ensures that the only parties who can see your data are you and your recipient.

“It uses PAKE to establish a secure channel between two computers that use the same one-time code.”

How Does It Work?

One user runs a command like wormhole send file.txt.

The tool generates a human-readable, one-time code (like 7-horse-staple).

The other user types wormhole receive and enters the code.

The file is encrypted, transferred directly (or relayed if needed), and decrypted only on the recipient's side.

All of this happens over a secure channel, with no manual key exchange, configuration, or trust in a central authority.

Example Usage
# Sender
wormhole send myfile.pdf
Sending 1.4 MB file named 'myfile.pdf'
Wormhole code is: 7-horse-staple

# Receiver
wormhole receive
Please enter code: 7-horse-staple
Receiving file (1.4 MB) into: myfile.pdf

That’s it! No email attachments, no cloud storage, no FTP setups.

Why Use Magic Wormhole?
End-to-end encrypted transfers using modern cryptography.

Easy to use even for non-technical users.

Cross-platform: Works on Linux, macOS, and Windows.

No servers needed (except for a lightweight transit relay).

Works even behind NAT/firewalls.

It’s particularly ideal for:

Quickly sharing secrets or passwords.

Distributing software packages securely.

Moving files between servers or VMs.

Under the Hood
Magic Wormhole is written in Python and uses:

SPAKE2 for key exchange.

Transit relay and Mailbox server for message delivery.

Twisted framework for asynchronous networking.

The communication process is decentralized and designed to minimize the trust placed in the relay infrastructure. Even if an attacker intercepts the transit server, they cannot decrypt your data.

Installation

You can install it easily with pip:

pip install magic-wormhole

There’s also a Homebrew package for macOS users:

brew install magic-wormhole
Community and Ecosystem
Magic Wormhole is more than just a file transfer tool. It's part of a growing ecosystem that values user-centric cryptography. There are community-maintained libraries for other languages (e.g., Go, Rust), GUI frontends like wormhole-gui, and integration projects for mobile and web use.

Limitations

While Magic Wormhole is elegant and secure, it’s primarily a command-line utility and not designed for high-volume or persistent file sharing. Transfers require both sender and receiver to be online at the same time. And since it’s peer-to-peer, very large files may suffer performance issues.

Conclusion
Magic Wormhole is a breath of fresh air in the complex world of secure communication. It proves that cryptographic security doesn’t need to come with a heavy user experience cost. If you’re looking for a simple, secure, and delightful way to send files or messages, give Magic Wormhole a try.

Explore the documentation: https://magic-wormhole.readthedocs.io

Address of the bookmark: https://arvados.org/