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	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/38413?offset=180</link>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/30104/structural-variation-the-hidden-genomic-treasure</guid>
	<pubDate>Sat, 10 Dec 2016 16:19:09 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/30104/structural-variation-the-hidden-genomic-treasure</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Structural variation: the hidden genomic treasure]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Genome re-sequencing projects have revealed substantial amounts of genetic variation between individuals extending beyond single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short indels. Structural Variations (SVs) and Copy Number Variations (CNVs) are a major source of genomic variation. However, compared to SNPs, accurate detection, genotyping and understanding of CNVs is lagging behind due to much greater analytical challenges related to SV/CNV detection and analysis. In our lab we analyse SVs/CNVs using high-throughput sequencing and different analytical approaches.&nbsp;The most‐studied structural variants are copy number variations (CNVs) which can be generated by several different mechanisms including non‐allelic homologous recombination, non‐homologous end‐joining and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication‐related fork stalling and template switching. CNVs are closely related to segmental duplications (SDs): SDs can stimulate the formation of CNVs and themselves started out as CNVs, but became fixed in a species. Structural variation can be neutral but has also influenced our phenotypic evolution, for example our susceptibility to disease and our ability to digest certain types of food. Our understanding of the extent of structural variation is increasing rapidly, but it will be much more difficult to understand its phenotypic consequences.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n2/images/nmeth.1858-F3.jpg" alt="image" width="946" height="603" style="border: 0px; border: 0px;"></p><p>Structural variants (SVs) such as deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions and translocations litter genomes and are often associated with gene expression changes and severe phenotypes (ie. genetic diseases in humans). Recent studies on the functional aspects of different types of SVs have unveiled several cases of adaptive evolution. For example, inversions have been associated with ecological adaptations and may facilitate speciation. Due to their prevalent nature, SVs arguably have a large impact on genome evolution and should not be neglected when studying the genetics of adaptation and speciation.&nbsp;SVs were classically defined as chromosomal rearrangements larger than 1kb, but due to a higher resolution of new detection methods, smaller variants (between 50 and 1000 base pairs) can now be accurately assessed. Besides various methods of detection in next generation sequencing data (paired end mapping, split reads, and depth of coverage), array-based approaches have proven to be particularly useful for detecting copy number variations (CNVs). These technologies have enabled researchers to catalog a wide spectrum of SVs in many organisms and infer the effects of selection shaping their evolutionary trajectories.</p><p><strong>Structure variation sequencing signature (Source: NatRev Genetics)</strong></p><p><img src="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v12/n5/images/nrg2958-f2.jpg" alt="image" width="800" height="824" style="border: 0px; border: 0px;"></p><p>Related tools, databases and publications are listed below. If you know any interesing papers, please let us know in comment section:</p><p><br /><strong>Key concepts</strong></p><p>Structural variation includes balanced variants such as inversions and translocations, and unbalanced ones such as duplications and deletions (copy number variations or CNVs).</p><p>Structural variants can arise by several mechanisms, including nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR), nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) and DNA replication‐based fork stalling and template switching (FoSTeS).</p><p>CNV is closely linked to segmental duplication, but is not exactly the same. Segmental duplications can stimulate CNV formation by NAHR, and themselves arise from CNVs that have become fixed.</p><p>Segmental duplications did not appear uniformly during the evolution of the Great Ape species, but rather during a burst of activity around the time of the divergence of gorilla from the human/chimpanzee ancestor.</p><p>Duplicated genes play a critical role in the evolution of a genome as they act as &lsquo;spare parts&rsquo; than can evolve to perform new or more specialized functions.</p><p>Effects of structural variation on gene expression can be identified but only a few examples of the consequences for species biology have been documented.</p><p><strong style="font-size: 12.8px;">Tools</strong></p><p><a href="http://sv.gersteinlab.org/cnvnator">CNVnator</a>a tool for CNV discovery and genotyping from depth of read mapping.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293372">2011a</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324876">2011b</a></p><p><a href="http://sv.gersteinlab.org/age">AGE</a>a tools that implements an algorithm for optimal alignment of sequences with SVs.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233167">2011</a></p><p><a href="http://sv.gersteinlab.org/breakseq">BreakSeq</a>a pipeline for annotation, classification and analysis of SVs at single nucleotide resolution.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20037582">2010</a></p><p><a href="http://sv.gersteinlab.org/pemer">PEMer</a>a computational and simulation framework for discovering SVs by paired-end read mapping.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19236709">2009</a>,<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901297">2007</a></p><p>GASV https://code.google.com/archive/p/gasv/</p><p>PAIROSCOPE http://pairoscope.sourceforge.net/</p><p>SVDetect&nbsp;http://svdetect.sourceforge.net/Site/Home.html</p><p>BreakPtr, discovery of unbalanced structural variants (copy-number variants) with tiling microarrays&nbsp;<a href="http://tiling.mbb.yale.edu/BreakPtr/" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;</p><p>R Package&nbsp;https://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2010/EMBL2010/Practical-4-StructuralVariants.pdf<br /><br />BreakSeq, structural variant genotyping using split reads&nbsp;<a href="http://sv.gersteinlab.org/breakseq/" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;<br /><br />CopySeq, genotyping of unbalanced structural variants (copy-number variants) using read-depth&nbsp;<a href="http://www.korbel.embl.de/CopySeq/" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;<br /><br />DELLY2, integrated structural variant discovery, genotyping and visualization in deep sequencing data&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/dellytools/delly" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;<br /><br />PEMer, structural variant discovery in 454 sequencing data by paired-end mapping&nbsp;<a href="http://www.korbel.embl.de/PEMer/" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;<br /><br />TIGER, transduction inference in germline genomes using short read data&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/jelena-tica/TIGER" target="_top">Link</a>&nbsp;</p><p>MANTA&nbsp;https://github.com/Illumina/manta</p><p>SV-Bay&nbsp;https://github.com/InstitutCurie/SV-Bay</p><p>BreakDancer&nbsp;http://breakdancer.sourceforge.net/</p><p>Variation Hunter&nbsp;http://compbio.cs.sfu.ca/software-variation-hunter</p><p>Lumpy&nbsp;https://github.com/arq5x/lumpy-sv</p><p>ForestSV&nbsp;http://sebatlab.ucsd.edu/index.php/software-data&nbsp;</p><p>PBSuites for long reads&nbsp;https://sourceforge.net/projects/pb-jelly/</p><p><strong>Visualization</strong></p><p>The SV visualization tool:&nbsp;<a href="http://genomesavant.com/savant/">http://genomesavant.com/savant/</a></p><p>InGAP-SV (<a href="http://ingap.sourceforge.net/">http://ingap.sourceforge.net/</a>) that is nice tools for both detection and visualisation of severals kind of structural variations (Large insertions, translocation, deletion, inversions....)&nbsp;</p><p>Tools table: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n8/fig_tab/nbt.1904_T2.html</p><p>Variation Viewer https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/variation/view/</p><p><strong style="font-size: 12.8px;">Papers</strong></p><p>http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n2/full/nmeth.1858.html</p><p>http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1412/structural-variations-in-genomes-ecological-and-evolutionary-implications</p><p>http://www.mi.fu-berlin.de/wiki/pub/ABI/GenomicsLecture10Materials/structural-variation.pdf</p><p>http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-015-1479-3</p><p>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/content/overview/</p><p>http://www.nature.com/subjects/structural-variation</p><p>https://eichlerlab.gs.washington.edu/news/NatMeth_Feb2012.pdf</p><p>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477992 ***</p><p>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22452995</p><p>http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/09/06/073833</p><p>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479793/</p><p>http://www.nature.com/articles/srep18501</p><p>http://www.genetics.org/content/202/1/351</p><p>http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sssykim/teaching/s13/slides/Lecture_SVI.pdf</p><p>https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/structural-variation-detection-from-next-generation-sequencing-2469-9853-S1-007.php?aid=69055</p><p>http://schatzlab.cshl.edu/presentations/2016/2016.01.12.PAG.Structural%20Variations.pdf</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/31014/sockeye</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 17 Feb 2017 08:51:16 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/31014/sockeye</link>
	<title><![CDATA[sockeye]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This sockeye&nbsp;software uses the Ensembl database project to import sequence and annotation information from several eukaryotic species. A user can additionally import their own custom sequence and annotation data. Individual annotation objects are displayed in Sockeye by using custom 3D models. Ensembl-derived and imported sequences can be analyzed by using a suite of multiple and pair-wise alignment algorithms. The results of these comparative analyses are also displayed in the 3D environment of Sockeye. By using the Java3D API to visualize genomic data in a 3D environment, we are able to compactly display cross-sequence comparisons. This provides the user with a novel platform for visualizing and comparing genomic feature organization.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://www.bcgsc.ca/platform/bioinfo/software/sockeye/releases/1.3" rel="nofollow">http://www.bcgsc.ca/platform/bioinfo/software/sockeye/releases/1.3</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/view/37581/comparativegenomics-exercise2</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 22 Aug 2018 22:10:56 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/view/37581/comparativegenomics-exercise2</link>
	<title><![CDATA[ComparativeGenomics Exercise2]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>COMPARATIVE MICROBIAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS WORKSHOP&nbsp; @&nbsp;cbs.dtu.dk</p><p>Free Bioinformatics workbench https://www.mn.uio.no/ifi/english/research/networks/clsi/earlier_seminars/2012/tammivesth_osloseminarfinal.pdf</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
	<enclosure url="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/download/37581" length="139956" type="application/pdf" />
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/11399/next-generation-sequencing-in-r-or-bioconductor-environment</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 02 Jun 2014 18:03:09 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/11399/next-generation-sequencing-in-r-or-bioconductor-environment</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Next generation sequencing in R or bioconductor environment]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>There are many R software and bioconductor packages for NGS data analysis, some of them are as follows</p><h3><a name="TOC-Biostrings" id="TOC-Biostrings"></a>Biostrings</h3><p>The Biostrings package from Bioconductor provides an advanced environment for efficient sequence management and analysis in R. It contains many speed and memory effective string containers, string matching algorithms, and other utilities, for fast manipulation of large sets of biological sequences. The objects and functions provided by Biostrings form the basis for many other sequence analysis packages. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Biostrings.html">Documentation</a></p><div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="color: #000000;"><h4><a name="TOC-IRanges-Overview" id="TOC-IRanges-Overview"></a>IRanges Overview</h4><p>IRanges provides the low-level infrastructure and containers for handling sets of integer ranges within Bioconductor's BioC-Seq domain. Its classes and methods provide support for many more high-level packages like GenomicRanges, ShortRead, Rsamtools, etc. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/IRanges.html">Documentation</a></p><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><h4><a name="TOC-GenomicRanges-Overview" id="TOC-GenomicRanges-Overview"></a>GenomicRanges Overview</h4><p>The <em>GenomicRanges</em> package serves as the foundation for representing genomic locations within the Bioconductor project. It is built upon the <em>IRanges</em> infrastructure and defines three major data containers - <em>GRanges, GRangesList</em> and <em>GappedAlignments</em> - which are supporting other important BioC-Seq packages including <em>ShortRead, Rsamtools, rtracklayer, GenomicFeatures</em> and <em>BSgenome</em>.&nbsp; Compared to the IRanges container, the GRanges/<em>GRangesList</em> classes are more flexible and extensible to store additional information about sequence ranges, such as chromosome identifiers (sequence space), strand information and annotation data. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicRanges.html">Documentation</a></p></div></div></div></div><h3><a name="TOC-Motif-Discovery" id="TOC-Motif-Discovery"></a>Motif Discovery</h3><h4><a name="TOC-cosmo" id="TOC-cosmo"></a>cosmo</h4><p>The cosmo package allows to search a set of unaligned DNA sequences for a shared motif that may function as transcription factor binding site. The algorithm extends the popular motif discovery tool MEME (Bailey and Elkan, 1995) in that it allows the search to be supervised by specifying a set of constraints that the motif to be discovered must satisfy. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/cosmo.html">Documentation</a></p></div><div>
<p><span></span><span></span></p>
<div style="color: #0000ff;"><h4><a name="TOC-BCRANK" id="TOC-BCRANK"></a>BCRANK</h4><p>BCRANK is a method that takes a ranked list of genomic regions as input and outputs short DNA sequences that are overrepresented in some part of the list. The algorithm was developed for detecting transcription factor (TF) binding sites in a large number of enriched regions from high-throughput ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq experiments, but it can be applied to any ranked list of DNA sequences. Documentation</p>
<p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BCRANK.html"></a></p>
<p>rGADEM: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/rGADEM.html">Documentation</a></p><p>MotIV: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/MotIV.html">Documentation</a></p></div><h3><a name="TOC-ShortRead" id="TOC-ShortRead"></a>ShortRead</h3><p>The ShortRead package provides input, quality control, filtering, parsing, and manipulation functionality for short read sequences produced by high throughput sequencing technologies. While support is provided for many sequencing technologies, this package is primairly focused on Solexa/Illumina reads. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ShortRead.html">Documentation</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-Rsamtools" id="TOC-Rsamtools"></a>Rsamtools</h3><p>Rsamtools provides functions for parsing and inspecting samtools BAM formatted binary alignment data. SAM/BAM is quickly becoming a universal standard alignment format, and is now supported by a wide variety of alignment tools. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/help/bioc-views/2.7/bioc/html/Rsamtools.html">Documentation</a></p>
<p><a href="http://samtools.sourceforge.net/">Samtools Website</a><br /> <a href="http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/">BWA (Burrows-Wheeler Alignment) Website</a><br /><span style="color: #0000ff;"></span></p>
<div style="color: #000000;">&nbsp;</div></div><div>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Additional tools for SNP analysis:&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/help/bioc-views/release/bioc/html/snpMatrix.html">snpMatrix</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-BSgenome" id="TOC-BSgenome"></a>BSgenome</h3><p>BSgenome provides an object oriented infrastructure for interacting with a Biostring based genome sequence. BSgenome packages exist for many common genomes, and can be created to represent custom genomes. See the "How to forge a BSgenome data package" Vignette for instructions to create a new BSgenome package if a prebuilt package does not exist for your organism. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BSgenome.html">Documentation</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-rtracklayer" id="TOC-rtracklayer"></a>rtracklayer</h3><p>rtracklayer provides an interface for exporting annotation feature data to various genome browsers and file formats (such as GFF). See the Small RNA Profiling exercise for an example of using rtracklayer to visualize alignment coverage. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/rtracklayer.html">Documentation</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-biomaRt" id="TOC-biomaRt"></a>biomaRt</h3><p>The biomaRt package, provides an interface to a growing collection of databases implementing the BioMart software suite (http:// www.biomart.org). The package enables online retrieval of large amounts of data in a uniform way without the need to know the underlying database schemas. This data is retrieved automatically via the Internet, so it's recommended that you cache the data locally, or check versions if your code will be adversely affected by updates to these data. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/biomaRt.html">Documentation</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-ChIP-Seq-Analysis-Packages" id="TOC-ChIP-Seq-Analysis-Packages"></a>ChIP-Seq Analysis Packages</h3><p>Bioconductor provides various packages for analyzing and visualizing ChIP-Seq data. Only a small selection of these packages is introduced here. Additional useful introductions to this topic are: <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/workshops/2009/SeattleJan09/ChIP-seq/">BioC ChIP-seq Case Study</a> and BioC <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2009/SeattleNov09/ChIP-seq/">ChIP-Seq</a>.</p><h4><a name="TOC-chipseq" id="TOC-chipseq"></a>chipseq</h4><p>The chipseq package combines a variety of HT-Seq packages to a pipeline for ChIP-Seq data analysis. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/chipseq.html">Documentation</a></p><h4><a name="TOC-BayesPeak" id="TOC-BayesPeak"></a>BayesPeak</h4><p>BayesPeak is a peak calling package for identifying DNA binding sites of proteins in ChIP-Seq experiments. Its algorithm uses hidden Markov models (HMM) and Bayesian statistical methods. The following sample code introduces the identification of peaks with the BayesPeak package as well as the incorporation of read coverage information obtained by the chipseq package. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BayesPeak.html">Documentation</a> [ <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/10/299">Publication</a> ]</p><h4><a name="TOC-PICS" id="TOC-PICS"></a>PICS</h4><p>The PICS package applies probabilistic inference to aligned-read ChIP-Seq data in order to identify regions bound by transcription factors. PICS identifies enriched regions by modeling local concentrations of directional reads, and uses DNA fragment length prior information to discriminate closely adjacent binding events via a Bayesian hierarchical t-mixture model. The following sample code uses the test data set from the above BayesPeak package in order to compare the results from both methods by identifying their consensus peak set. <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/PICS.html">Documentation</a> [ <a href="http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=20528864">Publication</a> ]</p><h4><a name="TOC-ChIPpeakAnno" id="TOC-ChIPpeakAnno"></a>ChIPpeakAnno</h4><p>The ChIPpeakAnno package provides. batch annotation of the peaks identified from either ChIP-seq or ChIP-chip experiments. It includes functions to retrieve the sequences around peaks, obtain enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, find the nearest gene, exon, miRNA or custom features such as most conserved elements and other transcription factor binding sites supplied by users. The package leverages the biomaRt, IRanges, Biostrings, BSgenome, GO.db, multtest and stat packages. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ChIPpeakAnno.html">Documentation</a></p><h4><a name="TOC-Additional-ChIP-Seq-Packages" id="TOC-Additional-ChIP-Seq-Packages"></a>Additional ChIP-Seq Packages</h4><p>DiffBind: <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DiffBind.html">Documentation</a></p><p>MOSAICS: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/mosaics.html">Documentation</a></p><p>iSeq: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/iSeq.html">Documentation</a></p><p>ChIPseqR: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ChIPseqR.html">Documentation</a></p><p>ChiPsim: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ChIPsim.html">Documentation</a></p><p>CSAR: <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/CSAR.html">Documentation</a></p><p>ChIP-Seq Pipeline: <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/PICS.html">PICS</a>, rGADEM and MotIV (<a href="http://www.rglab.org/pics-and-bioconductor/">developer web site</a>)</p><p>SPP: <a href="http://compbio.med.harvard.edu/Supplements/ChIP-seq/">ChIP-seq processing pipeline</a></p><p><a href="http://compbio.med.harvard.edu/Supplements/ChIP-seq/tutorial.html">SPP Tutorial</a></p><p><a href="http://liulab.dfci.harvard.edu/MACS/index.html">MACS</a></p><p><a href="http://gmdd.shgmo.org/Computational-Biology/ChIP-Seq/download/SIPeS">SIPeS</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-RNA-Seq-Analysis" id="TOC-RNA-Seq-Analysis"></a>RNA-Seq Analysis</h3><h4><a name="TOC-Counting-Reads-that-Overlap-with-Annotation-Ranges-" id="TOC-Counting-Reads-that-Overlap-with-Annotation-Ranges-"></a>Counting Reads that Overlap with Annotation Ranges&nbsp;</h4><p>The GenomicRanges package provides support for importing into R short read alignment data in BAM format (via Rsamtools) and associating them with genomic feature ranges, such as exons or genes. This way one can quantify the number of reads aligning to annotated genomic regions. The package defines general purpose containers for storing genomic intervals as well as more specialized containers for storing alignments against a reference genome. The two main functions for read counting provided by this infrastructure are <span>countOverlaps <span style="color: #000000;"><span>and</span></span> summarizeOverlaps</span>. For their proper usage, it is important to read the corresponding <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/vignettes/GenomicRanges/inst/doc/summarizeOverlaps.pdf">PDF manual</a>. <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicRanges.html">Documentation</a></p><h4><a name="TOC-Differential-Gene-Expression-Analysis-with-DESeq" id="TOC-Differential-Gene-Expression-Analysis-with-DESeq"></a>Differential Gene Expression Analysis with DESeq</h4><p>The DESeq package contains functions to call differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in count tables based on a model using the negative binomial distribution. It expects as input a data frame with the raw read counts per region/gene of interest (rows) for each test sample (columns).&nbsp; Such a count table can be imported into R or generated from BAM alignment files using the <span>countOverlaps</span> function as introduced above. <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq.html">Documentation</a></p><h4><a name="TOC-Differential-Gene-Expression-Analysis-with-edgeR" id="TOC-Differential-Gene-Expression-Analysis-with-edgeR"></a>Differential Gene Expression Analysis with edgeR</h4><p>The edgeR package uses empirical Bayes estimation and exact tests based on the negative binomial distribution to call differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in count data.&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html">Documentation</a></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">A variety of additional R packages are available for normalizing RNA-Seq read count data and identifying differentially expressed genes (DEG): <br /> </span></p><p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/easyRNASeq.html">easyRNASeq</a> (simplifies read counting per genome feature)</p><p><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DEXSeq.html">DEXSeq</a> (Inference of differential exon usage);&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/data/experiment/html/parathyroidSE.html">parathyroidSE</a> explains how to generate exon read counts in R</p><p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DEGseq.html">DEGseq</a></p><p><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/baySeq.html">baySeq</a> (also see: <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/segmentSeq.html">segmentSeq</a>)</p><p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Genominator.html">Genominator</a> (<a href="http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=20167110">Bullard et al. 2010</a>)</p><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><h4><a name="TOC-Detection-of-Alternative-Splice-Junctions" id="TOC-Detection-of-Alternative-Splice-Junctions"></a>Detection of Alternative Splice Junctions</h4>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Another utility of RNA-Seq experiments is the analysis of splice junctions. The following software suggestions provide this utility:</span></p>
<p><a href="http://woldlab.caltech.edu/rnaseq/">ERANGE<br /> </a><a href="http://tophat.cbcb.umd.edu/">TopHat</a></p><p><a href="http://biogibbs.stanford.edu/%7Ekinfai/SpliceMap/">SpliceMap</a></p><p><a href="http://solidsoftwaretools.com/gf/project/splitseek/">SplitSeek</a></p><h3><a name="TOC-DNA-Methylation-Data-Analysis" id="TOC-DNA-Methylation-Data-Analysis"></a>DNA-Methylation Data Analysis</h3><div><ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/BiocEurope2012/mattia_pelizzola_methylPipe.pdf">methylPipe</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/bsseq.html">bsseq</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/BiSeq.html">BiSeq</a></li>
<li>Much more under <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/BiocViews.html#___DNAMethylation">BiocViews</a></li>
</ul></div></div></div><h3><a name="TOC-HT-Seq-Data-Visualization" id="TOC-HT-Seq-Data-Visualization"></a>HT-Seq Data Visualization</h3>
<p><a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ggbio.html">ggbio</a>: ggplot2 extension for genomics data (<a href="http://tengfei.github.com/ggbio/">online manual</a>) <a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/Gviz.html">Gviz</a>:&nbsp;Plotting data and annotation information along genomic coordinates <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/HilbertVis.html">HilbertVis</a>: Hilbert genome plots</p>
<p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomeGraphs.html">GenomeGraphs</a>: Plotting genomic information from Ensembl</p><p><a href="http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=18507856">TileQC</a>: Flow Cell Quality Visualization</p><p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/rtracklayer.html">rtracklayer</a>: R interface to genome browsers</p><p><a href="http://genoplotr.r-forge.r-project.org/">genoPlotR</a>: Plotting maps of genes and genomes</p><p><a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Genominator.html">Genominator</a>: Tools for storing, accessing, analyzing and visualizing genomic data.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>To install all packages</p><blockquote><p>source("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")<br />biocLite()<br />biocLite(c("ShortRead", "Biostrings", "IRanges", "BSgenome", "rtracklayer", "biomaRt", "chipseq", "ChIPpeakAnno", "Rsamtools", "BayesPeak", "PICS", "GenomicRanges", "DESeq", "edgeR", "leeBamViews", "GenomicFeatures", "BSgenome.Celegans.UCSC.ce2"))</p></blockquote></div>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>John Parker</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/42359/dnasp-dna-sequence-polymorphism-is-a-software-package-for-the-analysis-of-dna-polymorphisms</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2020 19:51:38 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/42359/dnasp-dna-sequence-polymorphism-is-a-software-package-for-the-analysis-of-dna-polymorphisms</link>
	<title><![CDATA[DnaSP: DNA Sequence Polymorphism, is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphisms]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>DnaSP, DNA Sequence Polymorphism, is a software package for the analysis of DNA polymorphisms using data from a single locus (a multiple sequence aligned -MSA data), or from several loci (a Multiple-MSA data, such as formats generated by some assembler RAD-seq software). DnaSP can estimate several measures of DNA sequence variation within and between populations in noncoding, synonymous or nonsynonymous sites, or in various sorts of codon positions), as well as linkage disequilibrium, recombination, gene flow and gene conversion parameters.</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://www.ub.edu/dnasp/" rel="nofollow">http://www.ub.edu/dnasp/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/34418/spades-hybrid-genome-assembly</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 27 Nov 2017 08:05:40 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/34418/spades-hybrid-genome-assembly</link>
	<title><![CDATA[SPAdes hybrid genome assembly]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>When you have both Illumina and Nanopore data, then SPAdes remains a good option for hybrid assembly - SPAdes was used to produce the&nbsp;<a href="https://gigascience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13742-015-0101-6">B fragilis assembly</a>&nbsp;by Mick Watson&rsquo;s group.</p><p>Again, running spades.py will show you the options:</p><div><pre><code>spades.py
</code></pre></div><p>This produces:</p><div><pre><code>SPAdes genome assembler v3.10.1

Usage: /usr/local/SPAdes-3.10.1-Linux/bin/spades.py [options] -o &lt;output_dir&gt;

Basic options:
-o      &lt;output_dir&gt;    directory to store all the resulting files (required)
--sc                    this flag is required for MDA (single-cell) data
--meta                  this flag is required for metagenomic sample data
--rna                   this flag is required for RNA-Seq data
--plasmid               runs plasmidSPAdes pipeline for plasmid detection
--iontorrent            this flag is required for IonTorrent data
--test                  runs SPAdes on toy dataset
-h/--help               prints this usage message
-v/--version            prints version

Input data:
--12    &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced forward and reverse paired-end reads
-1      &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward paired-end reads
-2      &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse paired-end reads
-s      &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads
--pe&lt;#&gt;-12      &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-1       &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-2       &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-s       &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;    orientation of reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--s&lt;#&gt;          &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for single reads library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-12      &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-1       &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-2       &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-s       &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;    orientation of reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-12    &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-1     &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-2     &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-s     &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;  orientation of reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--nxmate&lt;#&gt;-1   &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for Lucigen NxMate library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--nxmate&lt;#&gt;-2   &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for Lucigen NxMate library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--sanger        &lt;filename&gt;      file with Sanger reads
--pacbio        &lt;filename&gt;      file with PacBio reads
--nanopore      &lt;filename&gt;      file with Nanopore reads
--tslr  &lt;filename&gt;      file with TSLR-contigs
--trusted-contigs       &lt;filename&gt;      file with trusted contigs
--untrusted-contigs     &lt;filename&gt;      file with untrusted contigs

Pipeline options:
--only-error-correction runs only read error correction (without assembling)
--only-assembler        runs only assembling (without read error correction)
--careful               tries to reduce number of mismatches and short indels
--continue              continue run from the last available check-point
--restart-from  &lt;cp&gt;    restart run with updated options and from the specified check-point ('ec', 'as', 'k&lt;int&gt;', 'mc')
--disable-gzip-output   forces error correction not to compress the corrected reads
--disable-rr            disables repeat resolution stage of assembling

Advanced options:
--dataset       &lt;filename&gt;      file with dataset description in YAML format
-t/--threads    &lt;int&gt;           number of threads
                                [default: 16]
-m/--memory     &lt;int&gt;           RAM limit for SPAdes in Gb (terminates if exceeded)
                                [default: 250]
--tmp-dir       &lt;dirname&gt;       directory for temporary files
                                [default: &lt;output_dir&gt;/tmp]
-k              &lt;int,int,...&gt;   comma-separated list of k-mer sizes (must be odd and
                                less than 128) [default: 'auto']
--cov-cutoff    &lt;float&gt;         coverage cutoff value (a positive float number, or 'auto', or 'off') [default: 'off']
--phred-offset  &lt;33 or 64&gt;      PHRED quality offset in the input reads (33 or 64)
                                [default: auto-detect]
</code></pre></div><p>As you can see this is also a &ldquo;pipeline&rdquo; of tools that can be switched on or off. SPAdes takes quite a long time, so for the purposes of this practical, something like this may suffice:</p><div><pre><code>spades.py -t 4 <span>\</span>
          -m 32 <span>\</span>
          -k 31,51,71 <span>\</span>
          --only-assembler <span>\</span>
          -1 miseq.1.fastq -2 miseq.2.fastq <span>\</span>
          --nanopore minion.fastq <span>\</span>
          -o hybrid_assembly
</code></pre></div><p>In turn, these parameters mean</p><ul>
<li>use 4 threads</li>
<li>max memory is 32Gb</li>
<li>use 3 kmer values to build the de bruijn graph(s) - 31, 51 and 71</li>
<li>only run the assembler, not the correction algorithm (for speed)</li>
<li>read 1 and read 2 of the MiSeq data</li>
<li>the nanopore data</li>
<li>put the output in folder &ldquo;hybrid_assembly&rdquo;</li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35762/genome-assembly-stats-plotting</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 03:45:39 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35762/genome-assembly-stats-plotting</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Genome assembly stats plotting]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>A&nbsp;<em>de novo</em>&nbsp;genome assembly can be summarised b</p>
<p>y a number of metrics, including:</p>
<ul>
<li>Overall assembly length</li>
<li>Number of scaffolds/contigs</li>
<li>Length of longest scaffold/contig</li>
<li>Scaffold/contig N50 and N90Assembly base composition, in particular percentage GC and percentage Ns</li>
<li>CEGMA completeness</li>
<li>Scaffold/contig length/count distribution</li>
</ul>
<p>assembly-stats supports two widely used presentations of these values, tabular and cumulative length plots, and introduces an additional circular plot that summarises most commonly used assembly metrics in a single visualisation. Each of these presentations is generated using javascript from a common (JSON) data structure, allowing toggling between alternative views, and each can be applied to a single or multiple assemblies to allow direct comparison of alternate assemblies.</p>
<p>Tabular presentation allows direct comparison of exact values between assemblies, the limitations of this approach lie in the necessary omission of distributions and the challenge of interpreting ratios of values that may vary by several orders of magnitude.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/rjchallis/assembly-stats" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/rjchallis/assembly-stats</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/36935/assemblytics-delta-file-to-analyze-alignments-of-an-assembly-to-another-assembly-or-a-reference-genome</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2018 07:31:00 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/36935/assemblytics-delta-file-to-analyze-alignments-of-an-assembly-to-another-assembly-or-a-reference-genome</link>
	<title><![CDATA[assemblytics: delta file to analyze alignments of an assembly to another assembly or a reference genome]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Download and install MUMmer
Align your assembly to a reference genome using nucmer (from MUMmer package)
$ nucmer -maxmatch -l 100 -c 500 REFERENCE.fa ASSEMBLY.fa -prefix OUT
Consult the MUMmer manual if you encounter problems

Optional: Gzip the delta file to speed up upload (usually 2-4X faster)
$ gzip OUT.delta
Then use the OUT.delta.gz file for upload.
Upload the .delta or delta.gz file (view example) to Assemblytics
Important: Use only contigs rather than scaffolds from the assembly. This will prevent false positives when the number of Ns in the scaffolded sequence does not match perfectly to the distance in the reference.

The unique sequence length required represents an anchor for determining if a sequence is unique enough to safely call variants from, which is an alternative to the mapping quality filter for read alignment.

http://assemblytics.com/<p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://assemblytics.com/" rel="nofollow">http://assemblytics.com/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37785/haplomerger2-rebuilding-both-haploid-sub-assemblies-from-high-heterozygosity-diploid-genome-assembly</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2018 07:08:47 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37785/haplomerger2-rebuilding-both-haploid-sub-assemblies-from-high-heterozygosity-diploid-genome-assembly</link>
	<title><![CDATA[HaploMerger2: rebuilding both haploid sub-assemblies from high-heterozygosity diploid genome assembly]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span><span>HM2 can process any diploid assemblies, but it is especially suitable for diploid assemblies with high heterozygosity (&ge;3%), which can be difficult for other tools. This pipeline also implements flexible and sensitive assembly error detection, a hierarchical scaffolding procedure and a reliable gap-closing method for haploid sub-assemblies.</span></span></p>
<p><span>Source code, executables and the testing dataset are freely available at&nbsp;</span><a href="https://github.com/mapleforest/HaploMerger2/releases/" target="">https://github.com/mapleforest/HaploMerger2/releases/</a><span>.</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/mapleforest/HaploMerger2/releases/" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/mapleforest/HaploMerger2/releases/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioStar</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/38526/versatile-genome-assembly-evaluation-with-quast-lg</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2018 22:06:31 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/38526/versatile-genome-assembly-evaluation-with-quast-lg</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Versatile genome assembly evaluation with QUAST-LG]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>QUAST-LG is an extension of&nbsp;<a href="http://cab.spbu.ru/software/quast/">QUAST</a>&nbsp;intended for evaluating large-scale genome assemblies (up to mammalian-size).</p>
<p>QUAST-LG&nbsp;is included in the QUAST&nbsp; package starting from version 5.0.0 (<a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/quast/files/latest/download?source=files">download the latest release</a>). Run QUAST as usual and do not forget to add&nbsp;<span>‐‐large</span>&nbsp;option to your command!</p>
<p>A short list of the new features (see&nbsp;<a href="http://cab.spbu.ru/files/quast/latest-docs/CHANGES.txt">CHANGES</a>&nbsp;for all):</p>
<ul>
<li>Significant speedup achieved by both&nbsp;use of new fast aligner (<a href="https://github.com/lh3/minimap2">minimap2</a>) and the refactoring of alignment analyzing&nbsp;modules</li>
<li>New k-mer-based completeness and correctness metrics</li>
<li>BUSCO added for enhanced reference-free analysis</li>
<li>The concept of upper bound&nbsp;assembly (theoretical limits on the assembly&nbsp;completeness and&nbsp;contiguity for a given genome and set of reads)</li>
</ul><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://cab.spbu.ru/software/quast-lg/" rel="nofollow">http://cab.spbu.ru/software/quast-lg/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>

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