Unique k-mer is consisted of k-mer keys (i.e. ATCGATCCTTAAGG) that are only presented in one contig, but not presented in any other contigs (for both forward and reverse strands).

This tool accepts the input of a FASTA file consisting of many contigs, and extract unique k-mers for each contig.

The output unique k-mer file and Genome file can be used for fastv: https://github.com/OpenGene/fastv, which is an ultra-fast tool to identify and visualize microbial sequences from sequencing data.

https://github.com/OpenGene/UniqueKMER

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/OpenGene/UniqueKMER

https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/perspectives-in-comparative-genomics-and-evolution

Address of the bookmark: https://www.genome.gov/event-calendar/perspectives-in-comparative-genomics-and-evolution

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/envgen

Features

• Circular and linear views of genomes

• Capable of drawing genomes up to 10 Mbp with 1000's of features and 100's contigs

• Smooth zooming down to the sequence level

• Easily generate features and plots directly form the sequence (e.g. ORFs, GC-content and GC-Skew)

• Save high resolution PNG maps up to 8000x8000px

• Fully documented API for interacting with CGView.js maps

Address of the bookmark: https://js.cgview.ca/

What Are lncRNAs?

lncRNAs are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins. Despite their non-coding nature, they play diverse roles in gene regulation, including chromatin remodeling, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional processing. Unlike messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lncRNAs often function as scaffolds, decoys, or guides in cellular machinery, influencing biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune response, and even cancer metastasis.

Challenges in lncRNA Research

Identifying and understanding lncRNAs pose unique challenges:

1. High Sequence Variability: Unlike protein-coding genes, lncRNAs exhibit low sequence conservation across species, making functional predictions difficult.
2. Low Expression Levels: lncRNAs are often expressed at low levels, complicating their detection in transcriptomic data.
3. Diverse Functions: The multifunctional nature of lncRNAs requires advanced computational tools to decipher their roles in complex networks.

Bioinformatics: A Crucial Ally in lncRNA Research

Bioinformatics bridges the gap between raw biological data and meaningful insights, making it indispensable in lncRNA research. Here’s how:

1. Identification and Annotation

High-throughput sequencing technologies like RNA-seq generate vast amounts of data. Bioinformatics tools such as StringTie, Cufflinks, and HISAT2 help assemble and annotate lncRNAs from this data. Additionally, databases like NONCODE, LNCipedia, and Ensembl provide curated repositories of lncRNA sequences and annotations.

2. Functional Prediction

Bioinformatics algorithms predict the potential functions of lncRNAs by analyzing their interactions with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Tools like LncRNA2Function and RIblast utilize sequence motifs and secondary structure predictions to hypothesize about the roles of specific lncRNAs.

3. Network Construction

lncRNAs often act as regulatory hubs. Bioinformatics platforms such as Cytoscape enable the visualization of lncRNA-mediated networks, elucidating their roles in pathways like cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.

4. Epigenetic Studies

lncRNAs are known to interact with chromatin-modifying complexes, influencing gene expression epigenetically. Tools like ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq, combined with computational pipelines, identify these interactions and map them to the genome.

5. Clinical Applications

Bioinformatics aids in the discovery of lncRNA biomarkers for diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Machine learning models analyze differential expression profiles, helping prioritize lncRNAs with therapeutic potential.

Case Study: lncRNAs in Cancer Research

lncRNAs such as HOTAIR and MALAT1 have been implicated in cancer progression. Bioinformatics analyses have revealed their roles in promoting metastasis and altering the tumor microenvironment. For example, transcriptome analysis in cancer patients identifies lncRNA expression signatures, enabling precision medicine approaches.

Future Directions

The fusion of bioinformatics with experimental biology is unlocking the secrets of lncRNAs. Advances in artificial intelligence, single-cell sequencing, and structural modeling promise to overcome current limitations. Here are some promising directions:

• Integrative Analysis: Combining multi-omics data to understand the interplay of lncRNAs with other biomolecules.
• CRISPR Screens: Leveraging bioinformatics to design CRISPR-based functional screens for lncRNAs.
• Therapeutic Development: Using bioinformatics to design lncRNA-based therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference tools.

Conclusion

lncRNAs are the hidden gems of the genome, and bioinformatics is the key to unearthing their full potential. As research progresses, lncRNAs could pave the way for novel diagnostics, targeted therapies, and personalized medicine, revolutionizing our approach to complex diseases.

The journey into the world of lncRNAs is only beginning, and bioinformatics will continue to play a pivotal role in decoding these molecular mysteries. Whether you’re a researcher, clinician, or bioinformatics enthusiast, the study of lncRNAs offers a fascinating frontier of discovery.

The Power of Evo 2: AI Meets DNA

Evo 2 is the largest AI model for biology ever created, trained on an astonishing 9.3 trillion DNA "letters" (nucleotides) carefully selected from genomes spanning the entire tree of life. This massive dataset ensures that Evo 2 can recognize patterns and relationships in genetic sequences at an unparalleled scale.

For the first time, scientists can design DNA with AI, moving beyond simple sequence analysis to active DNA generation. Evo 2 enables researchers to predict, modify, and even create entire genetic sequences, opening new possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and synthetic biology.

Decoding the Dark Genome

One of the biggest challenges in genetics is understanding the non-coding regions of DNA—vast stretches of the genome that do not code for proteins but play crucial roles in regulating gene expression. These regions control when and how genes are activated, influencing everything from development to disease.

Evo 2 is designed to decode these non-coding elements, helping researchers uncover their functions and use this knowledge to develop gene-based therapies, synthetic life forms, and precision agriculture solutions.

From Reading DNA to Writing It

To put Evo 2’s impact into perspective:

• Previous AI models could "read" DNA like a book, analyzing genetic sequences and identifying patterns.
• Evo 2 can "write" entirely new DNA, designing functional genes, chromosomes, and even full genomes from scratch.

This means scientists can now engineer biological systems with AI, designing new proteins, metabolic pathways, and genetic circuits to address real-world challenges.

A Step Toward Generative Biology

The Arc Institute describes Evo 2 as a major step toward "generative biology"—a revolutionary approach where AI is used to create novel biological structures rather than just analyzing existing ones. This could lead to breakthroughs such as:

• New medicines: AI-generated enzymes and proteins tailored for targeted therapies.
• Disease-resistant crops: Genetically optimized plants for higher yield and climate resilience.
• Synthetic organisms: Custom-designed microbes for bioremediation, biofuel production, and industrial applications.

An Open-Source Revolution

Unlike many proprietary AI models, Evo 2 is open source, making its capabilities accessible to researchers worldwide. This democratization of AI-driven biology means that scientists from different disciplines can collaborate, experiment, and innovate, accelerating discoveries in genetic engineering and synthetic biology.

With Evo 2, the boundaries of what’s possible in DNA design, genetic engineering, and biological innovation are being redrawn. The future of life sciences is no longer just about understanding life’s code—it’s about writing it.

That is the challenge researchers face when studying how bacteria adapt to different environments. A bacterial gene may appear to be linked to a particular habitat, when the real reason is simply that closely related bacteria happen to live there.

In their 2025 Genome Biology paper, Bujdoš, Walter, and O’Toole introduce aurora, a machine-learning tool designed to tackle this problem.

Aurora identifies potentially mislabeled or unusual bacterial strains before performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By cleaning up the dataset and accounting for bacterial evolutionary relationships, it can help researchers find genetic features that are more genuinely connected to habitat adaptation.

The researchers tested aurora using simulated and real bacterial datasets and found that it could recover important genetic associations even when datasets contained misleading labels.

The bigger lesson is simple: better biological discoveries often begin with better data.

Aurora gives researchers a new way to separate real genetic clues from misleading ones—and could help us better understand how bacteria adapt, survive, and evolve in the environments they call home.

Based on Bujdoš et al., “aurora: a machine learning GWAS tool for analyzing microbial habitat adaptation,” Genome Biology (2025).[Read the original paper](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13059-025-03524-7?)

Research Directions

Stony corals: evolution of novelty and photosymbiosis

Symbiotic acoels: cell type evolution and photosymbiosis

Animal genomes: structural evolution and gene regulation

https://sgel.biodiv.tw/home

A recent study published in Genome Biology (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13059-026-04280-y) addressed this challenge by introducing dicast (https://github.com/burgshrimps/dicast), a machine-learning approach for detecting structural variants in short-read sequencing data. Structural variants, such as large deletions, insertions, duplications, and inversions, can have significant biological and clinical implications, yet they are challenging to identify with short-read technologies. Because different detection methods frequently yield divergent results, researchers commonly employ consensus calling, considering a variant valid only if multiple tools detect it. While this approach reduces false positives, it relies on the potentially flawed assumption that the majority is always correct.

The researchers explored the impact of evaluating the supporting evidence for each variant, rather than simply tallying the number of algorithms that identified it. To establish a ground truth, they analyzed nine genomes using multiple sequencing technologies and 15 detection methods, initially identifying approximately 35 million potential variants. Through extensive filtering, evidence integration, and manual review of over 11,500 variants, they developed a robust benchmark comprising more than 236,000 structural variants. The findings underscored the complexity of the problem: short-read methods detected fewer than half of deletions and less than 10 percent of insertions, with performance declining markedly in repetitive genomic regions. In contrast, long-read technologies demonstrated superior detection capabilities. However, replacing the substantial volume of existing short-read data in clinical and research settings is not immediately feasible. Consequently, the researchers questioned whether short-read data might harbor more information than conventional analytical pipelines currently extract.

This line of inquiry led to the development of dicast. Rather than merely confirming agreement among multiple tools, dicast identifies patterns in sequencing data, including split and clipped reads, discordant read pairs, alignment characteristics, and the surrounding genomic context. An XGBoost machine-learning model evaluates which combinations of these signals are indicative of genuine structural variants. Thus, the approach shifts from tallying algorithmic consensus to interpreting the underlying evidence.

The researchers subsequently conducted a targeted evaluation by examining structural variants detected by only a single short-read tool, which are typically missed by consensus-based approaches. dicast successfully recovered approximately 81% of these single-caller deletions, insertions, and duplications. The signals for these variants were present in the data, but conventional filtering methods failed to integrate them effectively.

The utility of dicast was further demonstrated in cohorts with rare diseases, including congenital limb malformations, atrial fibrillation, and neuromuscular disorders. In one instance, dicast achieved a deletion recall rate of approximately 0.96, compared to 0.74 using consensus calling. The median number of variants requiring manual review was 29 per sample. Among 31 experimentally validated variants that standard filters would have missed, dicast identified 12, whereas consensus calling detected only one.

Overall, dicast identified approximately 20 percent more potential disease-causing deletions than consensus-based methods. While a 20 percent increase may appear modest, in clinical genomics such improvements can have significant practical implications. Missing a deletion may leave a case unresolved, whereas detecting a structural variant can provide critical diagnostic insights.

The study does not claim that machine learning has rendered short-read sequencing superior to long-read approaches. Instead, the results underscore the effectiveness of long-read sequencing for structural variant detection. However, dicast highlights a more nuanced perspective: substantial biological information may still be recoverable from the extensive short-read datasets already available.

The principal lesson extends beyond the detection of structural variants. For many years, bioinformatics pipelines have relied on threshold-based criteria, such as minimum coverage, quality scores, or support from multiple tools. While these rules are useful, biological phenomena do not always conform to rigid checklists; multiple weak signals, when considered collectively, can provide compelling evidence.

This perspective prompts consideration of the solitary variant: one algorithm identifies it, while several others do not. Traditional consensus techniques might have dismissed it, yet machine learning approaches evaluate the available evidence to determine whether the variant is plausible.

Occasionally, the most significant variant within a genome is the one that is almost universally overlooked.

Read more at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13059-026-04280-y

The aims of bio/medical research are also broad, including:
• Understanding mechanism of disease
• Understanding the impact of genetic and external factors on human health
• Designing and evaluating new therapeutic interventions
• Health genomics

List of Research Institutes in India (Biological Sciences)

BANGALORE
Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment
Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore-560064
Email: info@atree.org
Web: www.atree.org/
Research: ATREE deals with issues relating to the environmental, social and economic dimensions, and implications of, biological resources and natural ecosystems

Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka
Email:regr@admin.iisc.ernet.in
Web: www.iisc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Biochemistry, ecological sciences, microbiology & cell biology, molecular biophysics, molecular reproduction, development & genetics.

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, Karnataka
Email: academic@jncasr.ac.in
Web: www.jncasr.ac.in/
Research Areas: Evolutionary and organismal biology, molecular biology and genetics.

National Centre for Biological Science
GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: dean@ncbs.res.in
Web: www.ncbs.res.in
Research Areas: The research interests of the faculty range from single molecules to systems biology.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Bangalore 560029, Karnataka
Email: info@nimhans.kar.nic.in
Web: nimhans.kar.nic.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics, biostatistics, clinical psychology, epidemiology, human genetics, mental health education, neuroanaesthesia, neurochemistry, neuro imaging and interventional radiology, neurology, neuromicrobiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurosurgery, neurovirology.

Stem Cell Institute
NCBS, GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: ramas@ncbs.res.in
Web: underconstruction

University of Agricultural Sciences
GKVK, Bangalore 5600065, Karnataka
Email: root@uas.kar.nic.in
Web: uasbng.kar.nic.in/Default.htm
BARODA

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat
Web: msubaroda.ac.in/

BHOPAL
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Bhopal
Govindpura, Bhopal - 23
E-mail: director@iiserbhopal.ac.in
Web: www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics
BHUBANESHWAR
Institute of Life Sciences
Bhubaneswar 751 023, Orissa
Web: www.ils.res.in
Research Areas: Cancer, malaria, age diseases, stress biology, ecophysiology, plant molecular physiology, filariasis, tuberculosis, bio-perspecitve, agricultural biotechnology, bio-informatics.

National Institute of Science Education and Research – Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Physics Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa - 751 005,
e-mail : director@niser.ac.in
Web: www.niser.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.

Regional Research Laboratory
Bhubaneswar 751 013, Orissa
Email: root@csrrlbhu.ren.nic.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/rrl_bhu.html
Research Areas: Survey & cultivation of aromatic, medicinal and other economic plants.

Utkal University
Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Orissa
Web: www.utkaluniversity.org/
CHANDIGARH
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Mohali
Chandigarh
Email: webmaster@iisermohali.ac.in
Web: www.iisermohali.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology,
chemistry, math and physics

Institute of Microbial Technology
Sector 39–A, Chandigarh 160 036
Email: raghava@imtech.res.in
Web: www.imtech.res.in/
Research Areas: Molecular biology and microbial genetics,
animal cell/tissue culture and protein engineering.

Panjab University
Chandigarh 160 014
Email: pulib@puchd.ren.nic.in
Web: www.puchd.ac.in/

Postgraduate institute of Medical Education and Research
Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160 012
Email: pgimer@chd.nic.in
Web: pgimer.nic.in/
Research Areas: Obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry,
biochemistry, haematology, clinical parasitology etc.
CHENNAI
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu
Email: tppro@acer.iitm.ernet.in
Web: www.iitm.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.

University of Madras
University Centenary Building, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005, Tamil Nadu
Email: webmaster@unom.ac.in
Web: www.unom.ac.in/
DARJEELING
University of North Bengal
Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734 430, West Bengal
Email:(Registrar): regnbu@dte.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nbu.ac.in/
DELHI
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
Email: webmastr@aiims.ac.in
Web: www.aiims.ac.in/

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: info@igib.res.in
Web: www.igib.res.in/
Research Areas: Allergy and immunology, diagnostics, genetic engineering, bio-organics and high-tech reagents.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016
Email: malhotra@admin.iitd.ernet.in
Web: www.iitd.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biochemical engineering & biotechnology.
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.icgeb.trieste.it/
Research Areas: Mammalian biology:
Virology immunology, malaria,
recombinant gene products,
Plant molecular biology, plant transformation,
insect resistance, plant resistance.

Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
Email: webmaster@mail.jnu.ac.in
Web: www.jnu.ac.in

National Centre for Plant Genome Research
JNU Campus, New Delhi
Email: tapas_s3@yahoo.co.in
Web: ncpgr.nic.in/
Research Areas: Nutritional, structural, and functional genomics of various plant systems.

National Institute of Immunology
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.nii.res.in/
Research Areas: Gene regulation, immunity & infection, molecular design, reproduction & development.

TERI University
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070 / India
E-mail: registrar@teri.res.in
Web: www.teriuniversity.ac.in
Research Areas: Environmental Studies, Natural Resources Management, Climate Science and Policy, Plant Biotechnology

University of Delhi
University Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: webmaster@du.ac.in
Web: www.du.ac.in/
GOA
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, Goa
Email: info@ncaor.org
Research Areas: Co–ordination and implementation of the Indian Antarctic Programme.


National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula 403 004, Goa
Email: webmaster@darya.nio.org
Web: www.nio.org/
Research Areas: International geosphere-bio-sphere programme, marine biotechnology.
GURGAON
National Brain Research Centre
Near NSG Campus, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana
Email: info@nbrc.ac.in
Web: www.nbrc.ac.in/
Research Areas: Brain research.
GUWAHATI
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
North Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam
Email: mcb@iitg.ernet.in
Web: www.iitg.ernet.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.


Gauhati University
Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781 014, Assam
Web: http://www.gauhati.ac.in/.
HYDERABAD
Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: (Director): lalji@ccmb.res.in
Web: www.ccmb.res.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics & biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics & evolution, biomedicines & biotechnology.


Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
CDFD, Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad - 500 001.
Email: director@cdfd.org.in
Web: www.cdfd.org.in/
Research Areas: Automated genome analysis, bacterial genetics, cancer biology, cell biology & gene expression, computational biology, computational & functional genomics, immunology, mammalian genetics, molecular genetics, molecular oncology, molecular virology, structural biology, transcription, developmental neuroscience and drosophila genetics.


Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: kvr@iict.ap.nic.in, sampath@iict.ap.nic.in
Web: www.iictindia.org/
Research Areas: Pesticides, drugs, organic intermediates and fine chemicals.


LV Prasad Eye Intstitute
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: communications@lvpei.org
Web: www.lvpei.org/
LVPEI is a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness. Equipped with cutting-edge technology and distinguished professionals in the field of Eye care


University of Hyderabad
P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh
Email: trctcs@uohyd.ernet.in
Web: www.uohyd.ernet.in/
IMPHAL
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur
Email: ibsd_imp@sancharnet.in, ibsd-imphal@man.nic.in
Web: ibsd-imphal.nic.in/
Research Areas: Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity.
ITANAGAR
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
Itanagar, Nirjuli, Papumpare 791 109, Arunachal Pradesh
Email: dir@nerist.ernet.in
Web: www.nerist.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural engineering, forestry.
JAIPUR
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur 320 004, Rajasthan
Email: info@uniraj.org
Web: www.uniraj.org/
JAMMU and KASHMIR
Regional Research Laboratory
Canal Road, Jammu 130 001, Jammu & Kashmir
Email: (Director): qazi_gn@yahoo.com, root@csrrljm.ren.nic.in
Web: www.rrljammu.org/
Research Areas: Natural products & organic chemistry, improvement & cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, post harvest technology and applied microbiology & mutation genetics.

University of Jammu
Jammu 180 006, Jammu & Kashmir
Web: www.jammuuniversity.org/

University of Kashmir
Hazratbal,Srinagar-190006,Jammu and Kashmir
Email: info@kashmiruniversity.net
Web: http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/

Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science (SKIMS)
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skimsweb@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skims.ac.in/

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST)
Shalimar Campus, Srinagar - 191121 Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skuastkashmir@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural Sciences, fisheries and veterinary sciences.
JORHAT
Regional Research Laboratory
Jorhat 785 006, Assam
Email: drrljt@csir.res.in, inform@csir.res.in
Web: jorhat.nic.in/rrl.htm
Research Areas: Agrochemicals, drugs and drug intermediates, organic chemistry, biochemistry.
KANPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
GT Road, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh
Email: infocell@iitk.ac.in
Web: www.iitk.ac.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biological sciences & bioengineering.
KHARAGPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal
Email: (PRO): ashok@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in
Web: www.iitkgp.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
KOCHI
Cochin University of Science and Technology
South Kalamessery, Kochi 682 022, Kerala
Email: webmaster@cusat.ac.in
Web: www.cusat.ac.in/.
KOLKATA
Bose Institute
93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Email: sidroy@bic.boseinst.ernet.in
Web: www.boseinstitute.org/
Research Areas: Bioinformatics & computational biology, structure and functional dynamics of biomolecules, drug modeling, molecular genetics of microbes, transgenic plants etc.


Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: (Director): director@iicb.res.in
Web: www.iicb.res.in/
Research Areas: Natural products of medicinal, biological and industrial value, immunoassay techniques, tissue-targeted drug-delivery system.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Jadavpur University
188 Raja S.C. Mallik Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: registrar@jdvu.ac.in
Web: www.jadavpur.edu/


University of Calcutta
Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Web: www.kolkata.org/cu/
KURUKSHETRA
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana
Email: jskadian@rediffmail.com
Web: kuk.ernet.in/
LUCKNOW
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
53 University Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@bsip.res.in
Web: www.bsip-india.org/index.htm
Research Areas: Botanical palaeobotany: Morphotaxonomy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, phylogeny and evolution.


Central Drug Research Institute
Chattar Manzil Palace, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@cdriindia.org
Web: www.cdriindia.org/
Research Areas: Development of contraceptives, new drugs for tropical diseases (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis), cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Lucknow 226 015, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@cimap.res.in
Web: www.cimap.res.in/
Research Areas: Agrotechnologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, phytochemistry, plant physiology and biochemistry, pathology, genetics, entomology and pharmacognosy.


Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@itrcindia.org
Web: www.itrcindia.org/
Research Areas: Neurotoxicology, environmental health, immunotoxicology and environmental biotechnology.


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
MUMBAI
Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410 210
Web: www.actrec.gov.in/
Research Areas: Research investigations currently focus on molecular mechanisms of cancer, drug development and emerging therapies for treatment and prevention of cancer.


Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, Maharashtra
Email: webmaster@magnum.barc.ernet.in
Web: www.barc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Chemical and life sciences, nuclear agriculture.


Bombay Natural History Society
Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra
Email: bnhs@bom4.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.bnhs.org/


Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra
Email: registrar@iitb.ac.in
Web: www.iitb.ac.in/
Research Areas: Earth sciences; Science: Biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics.


Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005.
Web: www.tifr.res.in/
Department of Biological Sciences: www.tifr.res.in/~dbs
Research Areas: TIFR is a multidisciplinary research organisation working in the area of Natural Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), Mathematics and Computer Science.


University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santa Cruz (W), Mumbai 400 098, Maharashtra
Web: www.mu.ac.in/


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
NAGPUR
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra
Email: dirneeri@nagpur.dot.net.in
Web: www.neeri.nic.in/
Research Areas: Environmental biotechnology.
PUNE
Agharkar Research Institute
G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra
Web: www.aripune.org/
Research Areas: Animal sciences, microbial sciences, plant sciences.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Pune
Email: director@iiserpune.ac.in
Web: www.iiserpune.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.


National Chemical Laboratory
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra
Email: director@ems.ncl.res.in
Web: www.ncl-india.org/
Research Areas: biotechnology, biochemistry.>


National Centre for Cell Sciences
NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra
Email: infonccs@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nccs.res.in/
Research Areas: Cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, hybridoma technology, tissue banking & tissue engineering, regenerative biology, virology (HIV), cancer biology, diabetes, cryobiology transplantation, gene therapy.


University of Pune
Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra Telephone: 020-5601305
Email: Registrar): regis@unipune.ernet.in
Web: www.unipune.ernet.in/
PALAMPUR
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
Post Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh
Email: root@csihbt.ren.nic.in, director@ihbt.csir.res.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/ihbt.html
Research Areas: Floriculture, tea sciences, biotechnology and natural plant products.
PATIALA
Punjabi University
Patiala 147 002, Punjab
Email: ucc@pbi.ac.in
Web: www.universitypunjabi.org/
PILANI
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Vidhya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan
Email: mmsanand@bits-pilani.ac.in
Web: www.bits-pilani.ac.in/
ROORKEE
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667, Uttaranchal
Email: (Registrar): regis@iitr.ernet.in
Web: www.iitr.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
SHANTINIKETAN
Visva-Bharati University
Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235, West Bengal
Email: Root@vbharat.ernet.in
Web: www.visva-bharati.ac.in/
SHILLONG
North-Eastern Hill University
Umshing, Shillong 793 022, Meghalaya
Email: admin@nehu.ac.in
Web: www.nehu.ac.in/
SILCHAR
Assam University
P.O. Box 63, Silchar 788 011, Assam
Email: auliba@sancharnet.in, asokesen@sancharnet.in
Web: assamuniversity.nic.in/
TRIVANDUM
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Trivandum
Trivandrum, Kerala,India.
Web: www.iisertvm.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Regional Research Laboratory
Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala
Email: root@csrrltrd.ren.nic.in
Web: w3rrlt.csir.res.in/
Research Areas: Chemistry of natural products, agroprocessing, photochemical systems including solar energy conversion, analysis of pollutants and waste-water technology.

VARANASI
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh
Email: webmaster@bhu.ac.in
Web: www.bhu.ac.in/index.html

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Indian Council for Agricultural Research
Main Web site: www.icar.org.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: www.icar.org.in/icar15.html


CSIR Laboratories
Main CSIR website–www.csir.res.in/

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Department of Atomic Energy
Main CSIR website–www.barc.ernet.in/


Department of Biotechnology
Main CSIR website–dbtindia.nic.in/index.asp

Dept. of Science & Technology
Main Website: Main Website: www.dst.gov.in/


Indian Council for Medical Research
Main Web site: icmr.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICMR: icmr.nic.in/institute.htm#Permanent%20Institutes/Centres

Ministry of Environment and Forest
Main Web site: envfor.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: cyberjournalist.org.in/linksr.html