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	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/41158?offset=170</link>
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	<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44770/nvidia-and-arc-institute-unveil-evo-2-a-breakthrough-ai-for-dna-design</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 10:39:47 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44770/nvidia-and-arc-institute-unveil-evo-2-a-breakthrough-ai-for-dna-design</link>
	<title><![CDATA[NVIDIA and Arc Institute Unveil Evo 2: A Breakthrough AI for DNA Design]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>NVIDIA and the Arc Institute have introduced <strong style="font-size: 12.8px;">Evo 2</strong>, a groundbreaking AI model designed to <strong style="font-size: 12.8px;">understand, predict, and generate DNA sequences</strong>. This marks a major advancement in computational biology, offering scientists an unprecedented tool to decode the genetic blueprint of life and even design entirely new biological systems.</p><h3><strong>The Power of Evo 2: AI Meets DNA</strong></h3><p>Evo 2 is <strong>the largest AI model for biology ever created</strong>, trained on an astonishing <strong>9.3 trillion DNA "letters"</strong> (nucleotides) carefully selected from genomes spanning the entire tree of life. This massive dataset ensures that Evo 2 can recognize patterns and relationships in genetic sequences at an unparalleled scale.</p><p>For the first time, scientists can <strong>design DNA with AI</strong>, moving beyond simple sequence analysis to active DNA generation. Evo 2 enables researchers to <strong>predict, modify, and even create entire genetic sequences</strong>, opening new possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and synthetic biology.</p><h3><strong>Decoding the Dark Genome</strong></h3><p>One of the biggest challenges in genetics is understanding the <strong>non-coding regions</strong> of DNA&mdash;vast stretches of the genome that do not code for proteins but play crucial roles in regulating gene expression. These regions control when and how genes are activated, influencing everything from development to disease.</p><p>Evo 2 is designed to <strong>decode these non-coding elements</strong>, helping researchers uncover their functions and use this knowledge to develop gene-based therapies, synthetic life forms, and precision agriculture solutions.</p><h3><strong>From Reading DNA to Writing It</strong></h3><p>To put Evo 2&rsquo;s impact into perspective:</p><ul>
<li><strong>Previous AI models could "read" DNA</strong> like a book, analyzing genetic sequences and identifying patterns.</li>
<li><strong>Evo 2 can "write" entirely new DNA</strong>, designing functional genes, chromosomes, and even full genomes from scratch.</li>
</ul><p>This means scientists can now <strong>engineer biological systems with AI</strong>, designing new proteins, metabolic pathways, and genetic circuits to address real-world challenges.</p><h3><strong>A Step Toward Generative Biology</strong></h3><p>The Arc Institute describes Evo 2 as a major step toward <strong>"generative biology"</strong>&mdash;a revolutionary approach where AI is used to create <strong>novel biological structures</strong> rather than just analyzing existing ones. This could lead to breakthroughs such as:</p><ul>
<li><strong>New medicines</strong>: AI-generated enzymes and proteins tailored for targeted therapies.</li>
<li><strong>Disease-resistant crops</strong>: Genetically optimized plants for higher yield and climate resilience.</li>
<li><strong>Synthetic organisms</strong>: Custom-designed microbes for bioremediation, biofuel production, and industrial applications.</li>
</ul><h3><strong>An Open-Source Revolution</strong></h3><p>Unlike many proprietary AI models, <strong>Evo 2 is open source</strong>, making its capabilities accessible to researchers worldwide. This democratization of AI-driven biology means that scientists from different disciplines can <strong>collaborate, experiment, and innovate</strong>, accelerating discoveries in genetic engineering and synthetic biology.</p><p>With Evo 2, the boundaries of what&rsquo;s possible in <strong>DNA design, genetic engineering, and biological innovation</strong> are being redrawn. The future of life sciences is no longer just about understanding life&rsquo;s code&mdash;it&rsquo;s about writing it.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioStar</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/view/5685/systems-biology-approach-to-model-inflammation-in-human-2pptx</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2013 00:54:13 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/view/5685/systems-biology-approach-to-model-inflammation-in-human-2pptx</link>
	<title><![CDATA[SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO MODEL INFLAMMATION IN HUMAN (2).pptx]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	<dc:creator>ROSHNI</dc:creator>
	<enclosure url="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/file/download/5685" length="" type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation" />
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35420/telomerehunter</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:23:59 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/35420/telomerehunter</link>
	<title><![CDATA[TelomereHunter]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>TelomereHunter is a tool for estimating telomere content from human whole-genome sequencing data. It is designed to take BAM files from a tumor and a matching control sample as input. However, it is also possible to run TelomereHunter with one input file. TelomereHunter extracts and sorts telomeric reads from the input sample(s). For the estimation of telomere content, GC biases are taken into account. Finally, the results of TelomereHunter are visualized in several diagrams.</span><br><br><span>TelomereHunter is available for download at the following address:&nbsp;</span><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/telomerehunter/" target="_blank">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/telomerehunter/</a></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://www.dkfz.de/en/applied-bioinformatics/telomerehunter/telomerehunter.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.dkfz.de/en/applied-bioinformatics/telomerehunter/telomerehunter.html</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/11609/bioinformatician%E2%80%99s-pocket-reference</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 08 Jun 2014 09:56:58 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/11609/bioinformatician%E2%80%99s-pocket-reference</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Bioinformatician’s Pocket Reference !!]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>It is amusing how brain of bioinformaticians work! Learning a new programming language for days feels so much of fun that making 5 minute discussion with neighbours (unless under special circumstances!) in our own mother-tongue. Today every bioinformatician keeps more than few languages and core IT toolkits on their plate. It has become mandatory to be able to mould different code snippets to build our own custom workflows, and thus keeping syntax at our fingertips has become essential.Although Google is best way to get syntax problem solved, it is not a bad idea to keep reference sheets is our smartphones or stick out some printed sheets on the back of your door, in the old fashion way!!</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://infoplatter.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/bioinformaticians-pocket-reference/" rel="nofollow">http://infoplatter.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/bioinformaticians-pocket-reference/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>RAJESH DETROJA</dc:creator>
</item>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/31205/yasra-reference-based-assembler</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 01 Mar 2017 08:32:45 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/31205/yasra-reference-based-assembler</link>
	<title><![CDATA[YASRA: Reference based assembler]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>YASRA (Yet Another Short Read Assembler) performs comparative assembly of short reads using a reference genome, which can differ substantially from the genome being sequenced. Mapping reads to reference genomes makes use of LASTZ (Harris et al), a pairwise sequence aligner compatible with BLASTZ. Special scoring sets were derived to improve the performance, both in runtime and quality for 454 and Illumina sequence reads.</p>
<p>YASRA uses LASTZ (<a href="http://bx.psu.edu/miller_lab">http://bx.psu.edu/miller_lab</a> for released version and <a href="http://www.bx.psu.edu/%7Ersharris/lastz/newer">http://www.bx.psu.edu/~rsharris/lastz/newer</a> for newer version) for aligning the sequences to the reference genome. Please install LASTZ (the newest version on <a href="http://www.bx.psu.edu/%7Ersharris/lastz/newer">http://www.bx.psu.edu/~rsharris/lastz/newer</a>) and add the LASTZ binary in your executable/binary search path before installing YASRA.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/aakrosh/YASRA" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/aakrosh/YASRA</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Abhimanyu Singh</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37241/remilo-reference-assisted-misassembly-detection-algorithm-using-short-and-long-reads</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2018 04:27:49 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37241/remilo-reference-assisted-misassembly-detection-algorithm-using-short-and-long-reads</link>
	<title><![CDATA[ReMILO: reference assisted misassembly detection algorithm using short and long reads.]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[ReMILO, a reference assisted misassembly detection algorithm that uses both short reads and PacBio SMRT long reads. ReMILO aligns the initial short reads to both the contigs and reference genome, and then constructs a novel data structure called red-black multipositional de Bruijn graph to detect misassemblies. In addition, ReMILO also aligns the contigs to long reads and find their differences from the long reads to detect more misassemblies.<p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/songc001/remilo" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/songc001/remilo</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/4590/tigers-genome-sequenced</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2013 16:48:24 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/4590/tigers-genome-sequenced</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Tigers genome sequenced]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Fifteen scientists led by Dr Jong Bhak of Genome Research Foundation, South Korea, decoded as many as 3 billion nucleotides (organic molecules that form the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA). They identified 20,000 genes related to various functions of the tiger.&nbsp;</p><p>The biggest and perhaps most fearsome of the world's big cats, the tiger, shares 95.6 percent of its DNA with humans' cute and furry companions, domestic cats.</p><p>The new research showed that big cats have genetic mutations that enabled them to be carnivores. The team also identified mutations that allow snow leopards to thrive at high altitudes.</p><p>Reference:</p><p><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/your-cat-ferocious-tigers-share-lot-95-6-percent-their-4B11182690">http://www.nbcnews.com/science/your-cat-ferocious-tigers-share-lot-95-6-percent-their-4B11182690</a></p><p><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gene-mapping-of-tiger-completed/articleshow/22671681.cms">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gene-mapping-of-tiger-completed/articleshow/22671681.cms</a></p><p>Paper:</p><p><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130917/ncomms3433/full/ncomms3433.html</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Rahul Agarwal</dc:creator>
</item>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/34443/opera-an-optimal-genome-scaffolding-program</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 27 Nov 2017 10:18:20 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/34443/opera-an-optimal-genome-scaffolding-program</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Opera: An optimal genome scaffolding program]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>Opera (Optimal Paired-End Read Assembler) is a sequence assembly program (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_assembly" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_assembly&nbsp;<img src="https://a.fsdn.com/con/img/icons/external_asset.png" alt="image" style="border: 0px;"></a><span>). It uses information from paired-end or long reads to optimally order and orient contigs assembled from shotgun-sequencing reads.</span><br><br><span>An updated version called OPERA-LG has been re-engineered with features for the assembly of large and complex genomes.</span><br><br><span>Song Gao, Denis Bertrand, Burton K. H. Chia and Niranjan Nagarajan. OPERA-LG: efficient and exact scaffolding of large, repeat-rich eukaryotic genomes with performance guarantees. Genome Biology, May 2016, doi: 10.1186/s13059-016-0951-y.</span><br><br><span>Song Gao, Wing-Kin Sung, Niranjan Nagarajan. Opera: reconstructing optimal genomic scaffolds with high-throughput paired-end sequences. Journal of Computational Biology, Sept. 2011, doi:10.1089/cmb.2011.0170.</span></p>
<p><span>https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-016-0951-y</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/operasf/" rel="nofollow">https://sourceforge.net/projects/operasf/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/34418/spades-hybrid-genome-assembly</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 27 Nov 2017 08:05:40 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/34418/spades-hybrid-genome-assembly</link>
	<title><![CDATA[SPAdes hybrid genome assembly]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>When you have both Illumina and Nanopore data, then SPAdes remains a good option for hybrid assembly - SPAdes was used to produce the&nbsp;<a href="https://gigascience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13742-015-0101-6">B fragilis assembly</a>&nbsp;by Mick Watson&rsquo;s group.</p><p>Again, running spades.py will show you the options:</p><div><pre><code>spades.py
</code></pre></div><p>This produces:</p><div><pre><code>SPAdes genome assembler v3.10.1

Usage: /usr/local/SPAdes-3.10.1-Linux/bin/spades.py [options] -o &lt;output_dir&gt;

Basic options:
-o      &lt;output_dir&gt;    directory to store all the resulting files (required)
--sc                    this flag is required for MDA (single-cell) data
--meta                  this flag is required for metagenomic sample data
--rna                   this flag is required for RNA-Seq data
--plasmid               runs plasmidSPAdes pipeline for plasmid detection
--iontorrent            this flag is required for IonTorrent data
--test                  runs SPAdes on toy dataset
-h/--help               prints this usage message
-v/--version            prints version

Input data:
--12    &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced forward and reverse paired-end reads
-1      &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward paired-end reads
-2      &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse paired-end reads
-s      &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads
--pe&lt;#&gt;-12      &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-1       &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-2       &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-s       &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--pe&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;    orientation of reads for paired-end library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--s&lt;#&gt;          &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for single reads library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-12      &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-1       &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-2       &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-s       &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--mp&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;    orientation of reads for mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-12    &lt;filename&gt;      file with interlaced reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-1     &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-2     &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-s     &lt;filename&gt;      file with unpaired reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--hqmp&lt;#&gt;-&lt;or&gt;  orientation of reads for high-quality mate-pair library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9; &lt;or&gt; = fr, rf, ff)
--nxmate&lt;#&gt;-1   &lt;filename&gt;      file with forward reads for Lucigen NxMate library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--nxmate&lt;#&gt;-2   &lt;filename&gt;      file with reverse reads for Lucigen NxMate library number &lt;#&gt; (&lt;#&gt; = 1,2,..,9)
--sanger        &lt;filename&gt;      file with Sanger reads
--pacbio        &lt;filename&gt;      file with PacBio reads
--nanopore      &lt;filename&gt;      file with Nanopore reads
--tslr  &lt;filename&gt;      file with TSLR-contigs
--trusted-contigs       &lt;filename&gt;      file with trusted contigs
--untrusted-contigs     &lt;filename&gt;      file with untrusted contigs

Pipeline options:
--only-error-correction runs only read error correction (without assembling)
--only-assembler        runs only assembling (without read error correction)
--careful               tries to reduce number of mismatches and short indels
--continue              continue run from the last available check-point
--restart-from  &lt;cp&gt;    restart run with updated options and from the specified check-point ('ec', 'as', 'k&lt;int&gt;', 'mc')
--disable-gzip-output   forces error correction not to compress the corrected reads
--disable-rr            disables repeat resolution stage of assembling

Advanced options:
--dataset       &lt;filename&gt;      file with dataset description in YAML format
-t/--threads    &lt;int&gt;           number of threads
                                [default: 16]
-m/--memory     &lt;int&gt;           RAM limit for SPAdes in Gb (terminates if exceeded)
                                [default: 250]
--tmp-dir       &lt;dirname&gt;       directory for temporary files
                                [default: &lt;output_dir&gt;/tmp]
-k              &lt;int,int,...&gt;   comma-separated list of k-mer sizes (must be odd and
                                less than 128) [default: 'auto']
--cov-cutoff    &lt;float&gt;         coverage cutoff value (a positive float number, or 'auto', or 'off') [default: 'off']
--phred-offset  &lt;33 or 64&gt;      PHRED quality offset in the input reads (33 or 64)
                                [default: auto-detect]
</code></pre></div><p>As you can see this is also a &ldquo;pipeline&rdquo; of tools that can be switched on or off. SPAdes takes quite a long time, so for the purposes of this practical, something like this may suffice:</p><div><pre><code>spades.py -t 4 <span>\</span>
          -m 32 <span>\</span>
          -k 31,51,71 <span>\</span>
          --only-assembler <span>\</span>
          -1 miseq.1.fastq -2 miseq.2.fastq <span>\</span>
          --nanopore minion.fastq <span>\</span>
          -o hybrid_assembly
</code></pre></div><p>In turn, these parameters mean</p><ul>
<li>use 4 threads</li>
<li>max memory is 32Gb</li>
<li>use 3 kmer values to build the de bruijn graph(s) - 31, 51 and 71</li>
<li>only run the assembler, not the correction algorithm (for speed)</li>
<li>read 1 and read 2 of the MiSeq data</li>
<li>the nanopore data</li>
<li>put the output in folder &ldquo;hybrid_assembly&rdquo;</li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/34528/cope-an-accurate-k-mer-based-pair-end-reads-connection-tool-to-facilitate-genome-assembly</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2017 02:08:14 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/34528/cope-an-accurate-k-mer-based-pair-end-reads-connection-tool-to-facilitate-genome-assembly</link>
	<title><![CDATA[COPE: an accurate k-mer-based pair-end reads connection tool to facilitate genome assembly]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span>An efficient tool called Connecting Overlapped Pair-End (COPE) reads, to connect overlapping pair-end reads using k-mer frequencies. We evaluated our tool on 30&times; simulated pair-end reads from Arabidopsis thaliana with 1% base error. COPE connected over 99% of reads with 98.8% accuracy, which is, respectively, 10 and 2% higher than the recently published tool FLASH. When COPE is applied to real reads for genome assembly, the resulting contigs are found to have fewer errors and give a 14-fold improvement in the N50 measurement when compared with the contigs produced using unconnected reads.</span></p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="ftp://ftp.genomics.org.cn/pub/cope" rel="nofollow">ftp://ftp.genomics.org.cn/pub/cope</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>

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