The BeadChip was developed in collaboration with leading ovine researchers from AgResearch, Baylor UCSC, CSIRO, and the USDA as part of the International Sheep Genomics Consortium. It features over 54,241 evenly spaced probes that target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). More than 18,000 of these markers were discovered through sequencing reduced representation libraries with the Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx. A set of 600 SNPs were identified by BAC end sequencing and validated with Illumina GoldenGate Genotyping Assays over 403 animals from 23 breeds. The remaining SNPs were derived from the draft ovine genome.

Read more @

http://res.illumina.com/documents/products/datasheets/datasheet_ovinesnp50.pdf

http://www.illumina.com/products/ovinesnp50_dna_analysis_kit.ilmn

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/hugheslab/snpgenie

Cycles enumeration (aka Bubbles) as part of de novo de bruijn graphs assembly using colours can be unpractical for large error prone genomes which makes the assembly process produce an excessive number of false positive cycles.  Our solution is to search the graph in multicores shared memory parallel mode using graph decomposition then use filtering method to generate good quality SNPs.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06700

https://github.com/redayounsi/2KP2P

/2kp2omp/bin/main_2kp2_K63_C2 -i fastq_files.txt -o fungus_bub.fasta -r stat_fungus.txt -c cov_fungus_hash.txt -k 63 -h 20 -b 100 -g 600 -l 100 -f 16 -t 5.0 -x 1 -v 0 -p 1 -y 1 -u 1

 

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/redayounsi/2KP2P

What are SNPs?
SNPs (pronounced "snips") are positions in the genome where individuals differ by a single nucleotide. For example:

Reference: ...A T G C A T G A...
Variant:     ...A T G T A T G A...

Here, the C in the reference genome has been replaced by a T in the variant.

SNPs occur roughly every 300–1,000 bases in the human genome, meaning there are millions of them scattered throughout our DNA. Most SNPs have no effect on health, but some are linked to disease susceptibility, drug response, and other traits.

Why Do We Analyze SNPs?
1. Medical Genetics

Identify disease-associated variants (e.g., BRCA1/2 in breast cancer).

Predict drug response (pharmacogenomics).

Enable precision medicine by tailoring treatments.

2. Population Genetics & Ancestry

Trace human migration and ancestry.

Study genetic diversity within and between populations.

3. Agriculture & Animal Breeding

Select for desirable traits (drought resistance, yield, disease resistance).

Improve breeding efficiency in livestock.

4. Evolutionary Biology

Track natural selection.

Study adaptation in wild populations.

How is SNP Analysis Performed?
SNP analysis can be broadly divided into three steps:

SNP Detection
Genotyping arrays: Chips that test hundreds of thousands of known SNP positions simultaneously. Fast and affordable, widely used in consumer ancestry testing.

Whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing: Can detect known and novel SNPs across the genome.

Targeted sequencing or PCR: For focused analysis of specific regions.

Variant Calling
Sequencing data is aligned to a reference genome. Bioinformatics tools (e.g., GATK, bcftools) identify positions where the sequenced sample differs from the reference.

Annotation and Interpretation
Tools (e.g., SnpEff, VEP) predict the functional impact of SNPs.

Are the SNPs in coding regions? Do they cause amino acid changes? Are they known to be pathogenic?

Databases like dbSNP, ClinVar, and GWAS Catalog provide information on known associations.

Common Tools for SNP Analysis
Alignment: BWA, Bowtie2

Variant Calling: GATK, FreeBayes

Visualization: IGV, UCSC Genome Browser

Annotation: SnpEff, VEP

Statistical Analysis: PLINK, SNPTEST

Challenges in SNP Analysis
False positives/negatives: Sequencing errors, alignment issues.

Population stratification: Confounding in association studies.

Interpretation: Many SNPs have unknown or complex effects.

Researchers address these with rigorous quality control, large datasets, and increasingly sophisticated statistical models.

The Future of SNP Analysis
With advances in sequencing technology and AI-driven analysis, SNP studies are expanding:

Polygenic risk scores predict disease risk based on thousands of SNPs.

Large-scale biobanks (e.g., UK Biobank, All of Us) enable powerful genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

CRISPR and functional assays help validate SNP effects in the lab.

SNP analysis is at the heart of the genomic revolution, promising insights into biology, health, and evolution at unprecedented scale.

Conclusion
From diagnosing rare diseases to designing better crops, SNP analysis is a foundational tool in modern science. As our ability to sequence and interpret genomes improves, so will our understanding of these tiny—but mighty—variations in DNA.

MALVA calls correctly more indels than the most widely adopted genotyping pipelines

Mapping-free approaches are as accurate as alignment-based ones, while being faster

More at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004219302366

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004219302366

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/AlgoLab/malva

“As we roll out genomic medicine we are fighting against this society-wide misconception that having the bad gene means you’re going to get the disease. That’s only true in a very few cases.”

Source:Today Health

Address of the bookmark: http://www.today.com/health/should-you-get-sequenced-not-all-bad-genes-predict-disease-8C11017154

Title: Comparison of Short Read De Novo Alignment Algorithms 

Author: Nikhil Gopal

Address of the bookmark: http://biochem218.stanford.edu/Projects%202011/Gopal%202011.pdf

High Throughput Sequencing Analysis
Comparative Genomics
Identification and Annotation of Non-coding RNAs
Bioinformatic Analysis and System Biology of Viruses
Coevolution of Proteins and RNAs
Algorithmic Bioinformatics
Phylogenetic Analysis

http://www.rna.uni-jena.de/index.php