We have sequenced the CHM13hTERT human cell line with a number of technologies. Human genomic DNA was extracted from the cultured cell line. As the DNA is native, modified bases will be preserved. The data includes 30x PacBio HiFi, 120x coverage of Oxford Nanopore, 70x PacBio CLR, 50x 10X Genomics, as well as BioNano DLS and Arima Genomics HiC. Most raw data is available from this site, with the exception of the PacBio data which was generated by the University of Washington/PacBio and is available from NCBI SRA.

A UCSC browser is available for v2.0 (as well as legacy v1.0 and v1.1 versions). An interactive dotplot visualization of all genomic repeats is also available from resgen.io. Known issues identified in the assembly are tracked at CHM13 issues.

MORE at https://github.com/marbl/CHM13

Address of the bookmark: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj6987

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/legumeinfo/gcv

What Are lncRNAs?

lncRNAs are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins. Despite their non-coding nature, they play diverse roles in gene regulation, including chromatin remodeling, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional processing. Unlike messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lncRNAs often function as scaffolds, decoys, or guides in cellular machinery, influencing biological processes such as cell differentiation, immune response, and even cancer metastasis.

Challenges in lncRNA Research

Identifying and understanding lncRNAs pose unique challenges:

1. High Sequence Variability: Unlike protein-coding genes, lncRNAs exhibit low sequence conservation across species, making functional predictions difficult.
2. Low Expression Levels: lncRNAs are often expressed at low levels, complicating their detection in transcriptomic data.
3. Diverse Functions: The multifunctional nature of lncRNAs requires advanced computational tools to decipher their roles in complex networks.

Bioinformatics: A Crucial Ally in lncRNA Research

Bioinformatics bridges the gap between raw biological data and meaningful insights, making it indispensable in lncRNA research. Here’s how:

1. Identification and Annotation

High-throughput sequencing technologies like RNA-seq generate vast amounts of data. Bioinformatics tools such as StringTie, Cufflinks, and HISAT2 help assemble and annotate lncRNAs from this data. Additionally, databases like NONCODE, LNCipedia, and Ensembl provide curated repositories of lncRNA sequences and annotations.

2. Functional Prediction

Bioinformatics algorithms predict the potential functions of lncRNAs by analyzing their interactions with DNA, RNA, and proteins. Tools like LncRNA2Function and RIblast utilize sequence motifs and secondary structure predictions to hypothesize about the roles of specific lncRNAs.

3. Network Construction

lncRNAs often act as regulatory hubs. Bioinformatics platforms such as Cytoscape enable the visualization of lncRNA-mediated networks, elucidating their roles in pathways like cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.

4. Epigenetic Studies

lncRNAs are known to interact with chromatin-modifying complexes, influencing gene expression epigenetically. Tools like ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq, combined with computational pipelines, identify these interactions and map them to the genome.

5. Clinical Applications

Bioinformatics aids in the discovery of lncRNA biomarkers for diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Machine learning models analyze differential expression profiles, helping prioritize lncRNAs with therapeutic potential.

Case Study: lncRNAs in Cancer Research

lncRNAs such as HOTAIR and MALAT1 have been implicated in cancer progression. Bioinformatics analyses have revealed their roles in promoting metastasis and altering the tumor microenvironment. For example, transcriptome analysis in cancer patients identifies lncRNA expression signatures, enabling precision medicine approaches.

Future Directions

The fusion of bioinformatics with experimental biology is unlocking the secrets of lncRNAs. Advances in artificial intelligence, single-cell sequencing, and structural modeling promise to overcome current limitations. Here are some promising directions:

• Integrative Analysis: Combining multi-omics data to understand the interplay of lncRNAs with other biomolecules.
• CRISPR Screens: Leveraging bioinformatics to design CRISPR-based functional screens for lncRNAs.
• Therapeutic Development: Using bioinformatics to design lncRNA-based therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides and RNA interference tools.

Conclusion

lncRNAs are the hidden gems of the genome, and bioinformatics is the key to unearthing their full potential. As research progresses, lncRNAs could pave the way for novel diagnostics, targeted therapies, and personalized medicine, revolutionizing our approach to complex diseases.

The journey into the world of lncRNAs is only beginning, and bioinformatics will continue to play a pivotal role in decoding these molecular mysteries. Whether you’re a researcher, clinician, or bioinformatics enthusiast, the study of lncRNAs offers a fascinating frontier of discovery.

Overview of SLiM and msprime

SLiM: Forward Genetic Simulator

SLiM is a free, open-source tool designed for forward genetic simulations. It allows researchers to model complex evolutionary scenarios, including selection, recombination, and demographic events, making it particularly useful for studying adaptation and selection in populations.

Key Features of SLiM:

• Simulates population evolution forward in time

• Supports custom evolutionary models using an embedded scripting language

• Allows modeling of spatial and ecological dynamics

• Provides high flexibility and extensibility for user-defined scenarios

• Available on GitHub as an open-source project

msprime: Ancestry and Mutation Simulator

msprime is an efficient, open-source tool that simulates ancestry and mutations using a coalescent framework. It is known for its high-speed performance and low memory requirements, making it a popular choice for large-scale genomic simulations.

Key Features of msprime:

• Implements coalescent simulations for ancestry modeling

• Efficiently simulates large population histories

• Supports the addition of mutations to genealogies

• Developed using an open-source community model

• Often faster and more memory-efficient than alternative simulators

Using SLiM and msprime with slendr

Both SLiM and msprime can be integrated with slendr, a framework that facilitates structured population genetic simulations. This integration allows for seamless comparison of simulation outputs.

How They Work Together:

• SLiM and msprime simulations can be analyzed within slendr.

• The ts_read() function in slendr enables loading and comparing tree sequence outputs from both simulators.

• This integration allows researchers to validate simulation results and gain deeper insights into evolutionary processes.

Performance Considerations

While SLiM offers powerful forward simulations with extensive customization, msprime is often preferred for its speed and memory efficiency when simulating ancestry and mutations. The choice between the two depends on the research goals:

• For detailed evolutionary modeling with selection and recombination: Use SLiM.

• For large-scale coalescent simulations with mutations: Use msprime.

• For comparing different simulation models and their outputs: Use slendr to integrate SLiM and msprime results.

Conclusion

SLiM and msprime are valuable tools for genome simulation, each serving distinct but complementary purposes in population genetics research. By leveraging the strengths of both simulators with slendr, researchers can conduct robust and efficient evolutionary simulations, enhancing our understanding of genetic diversity and adaptation.

For more information, check out the official GitHub repositories for SLiM and msprime, and explore the slendr framework for streamlined simulation workflow

However, pangenome graphs can be highly complex, making them difficult to visualize and interpret. A recent study published in BMC Bioinformatics introduces PG2 (PanGenoGrapher), an open-source, web-based tool designed to address this challenge. The source code and user guide are openly available on GitHub at https://github.com/iVis-at-Bilkent/pangenographer. A publicly accessible sample deployment is hosted at http://pg2.cs.bilkent.edu.tr. In addition, a demonstration video illustrating the primary use cases of PG2 is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCd7-aGY6CQ.

PG2 combines advanced graph-layout algorithms with an interactive visualization platform. It allows researchers to explore genomic paths, identify variations, and examine relationships between different parts of a pangenome graph more easily.

This is important because visualization can play a major role in bioinformatics. When complex genomic information is presented clearly, researchers can more easily identify patterns, understand genetic variation, and generate new biological insights.

The development of PG2 represents a step toward making pangenome analysis more accessible and intuitive. As genomic datasets continue to grow and graph-based representations become more common, tools like PG2 can help researchers navigate this increasing complexity.

Ultimately, PG2 demonstrates how combining genomics, graph algorithms, and interactive visualization can make sophisticated biological data easier to understand and analyze.

Reference: Solun, G. K., Dogrusoz, U., Bingöl, Z., & Alkan, C. (2026). PG2: algorithms and a web-based tool for effective layout and visual analysis of pangenome graphs. BMC Bioinformatics. DOI: 10.1186/s12859-026-06555-4.

Scientists face a big challenge with the human genome. They can read its letters, but understanding their roles is much harder. Only about 2 percent of the genome codes for proteins. The rest acts like a huge control panel, deciding when and where genes turn on. With about 9 billion possible single-letter changes, testing them all in a lab just isn’t possible.

So, Google DeepMind asked a new question: what if we could predict what those changes might do?

This question led to the AlphaGenome Atlas (https://deepmind.google.com/science/alphagenome/atlas?), a detailed map of nearly every possible single-letter change in the human genome. Instead of checking each change one by one, researchers can use the Atlas to spot the ones most likely to matter. The AlphaGenome Variant Impact (AVI) score works like a trail marker, pointing scientists toward the changes worth a closer look.

This is where the Atlas gets especially useful. Much of the genome lies outside the protein-coding regions, where DNA acts as a switch or controller for genes. AlphaGenome lets researchers explore these areas and see how small changes could affect gene activity.

An atlas isn't the destination; it's a guide.

The AlphaGenome Atlas doesn’t replace experiments or solve every mystery. Instead, it helps scientists decide where to begin. From billions of possibilities, it turns the vast genetic landscape into something researchers can start to explore.

There are nine billion possibilities, a vast map, and maybe among them therWith nine billion possibilities and a huge map to explore, there may be clues hidden here to some of medicine’s toughest mysteries.

More at https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/DeepMind.com/Blog/alphagenome-atlas-a-predictive-map-of-every-possible-dna-letter-change-in-the-human-genome/alphagenome-atlas.pdf

This is where KiNext comes into the picture. Introduced in a 2024 study published in BMC Bioinformatics, KiNext is a computational workflow designed to identify and classify protein kinases from predicted protein sequences. Instead of relying on a single search method, it brings together several approaches, including Hidden Markov Models, sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, and structural comparison.

The search begins with a simple question: does a protein contain the characteristics of a kinase? Protein kinases can change considerably during evolution, but important regions of their sequences often retain recognizable patterns. KiNext uses Hidden Markov Models, or HMMs, to detect these patterns. An HMM does not require a protein to be an exact match to a known kinase. Instead, it looks for a statistical sequence signature associated with kinase proteins, making it possible to detect more distant candidates.

Once potential kinases are identified, KiNext takes the analysis further. It distinguishes conventional eukaryotic protein kinases from atypical protein kinases and then attempts to classify them into different kinase groups and families. This distinction is important because simply identifying a protein as a kinase does not tell the complete story. Different kinase families can have very different evolutionary histories and biological functions.

The next stage brings evolution into the picture. KiNext can align kinase sequences and construct phylogenetic trees, allowing researchers to examine how newly identified proteins are related to previously characterized kinases. When sequence evidence alone is difficult to interpret, structural information can provide another clue. The workflow can incorporate AlphaFold-predicted structures and Foldseek-based structural comparisons to investigate whether an unusual protein resembles known kinase structures.

The researchers tested KiNext using two very different organisms: the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and the green alga Ostreococcus tauri. In C. gigas, KiNext recovered previously reported kinases while identifying additional candidates. Structural analysis provided further evidence for many of the newly detected proteins. In O. tauri, the workflow similarly recovered most previously reported kinases and identified additional candidates while refining some of their classifications.

What makes KiNext particularly interesting is not just its ability to find kinases, but how the entire analysis is organized. The workflow uses Nextflow, allowing the different computational steps to be connected into a reproducible pipeline. Containers can also help manage software dependencies, making it easier to run the workflow across different computing environments.

This reproducibility becomes increasingly important as the number of available genomes continues to grow. A researcher studying one organism may be able to perform an analysis manually, but repeating the same process across hundreds or thousands of genomes quickly becomes impractical. A standardized workflow provides a way to perform the analysis consistently while keeping track of how the results were generated.

At its core, KiNext demonstrates a broader change taking place in modern genomics. Sequencing a genome provides an enormous amount of information, but the real scientific challenge begins afterward: understanding what all those sequences mean. Protein kinases are only one part of this larger puzzle, yet they are particularly important because they act as molecular switches throughout the cell.

By combining sequence profiles, evolutionary analysis, and structural evidence within a reproducible computational framework, KiNext provides researchers with a systematic way to uncover these molecular switches. Its real value lies not only in finding more kinases, but in making the process scalable, repeatable, and easier to apply to new genomes.

As genome sequencing continues to expand across the tree of life, tools such as KiNext can help turn enormous collections of protein sequences into meaningful biological stories—one kinase at a time.

Read more about it @

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12859-024-05953-w

The aims of bio/medical research are also broad, including:
• Understanding mechanism of disease
• Understanding the impact of genetic and external factors on human health
• Designing and evaluating new therapeutic interventions
• Health genomics

List of Research Institutes in India (Biological Sciences)

BANGALORE
Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment
Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore-560064
Email: info@atree.org
Web: www.atree.org/
Research: ATREE deals with issues relating to the environmental, social and economic dimensions, and implications of, biological resources and natural ecosystems

Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka
Email:regr@admin.iisc.ernet.in
Web: www.iisc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Biochemistry, ecological sciences, microbiology & cell biology, molecular biophysics, molecular reproduction, development & genetics.

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
Jakkur, Bangalore 560 064, Karnataka
Email: academic@jncasr.ac.in
Web: www.jncasr.ac.in/
Research Areas: Evolutionary and organismal biology, molecular biology and genetics.

National Centre for Biological Science
GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: dean@ncbs.res.in
Web: www.ncbs.res.in
Research Areas: The research interests of the faculty range from single molecules to systems biology.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Bangalore 560029, Karnataka
Email: info@nimhans.kar.nic.in
Web: nimhans.kar.nic.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics, biostatistics, clinical psychology, epidemiology, human genetics, mental health education, neuroanaesthesia, neurochemistry, neuro imaging and interventional radiology, neurology, neuromicrobiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurosurgery, neurovirology.

Stem Cell Institute
NCBS, GKVK, Bellary Road,
Email: ramas@ncbs.res.in
Web: underconstruction

University of Agricultural Sciences
GKVK, Bangalore 5600065, Karnataka
Email: root@uas.kar.nic.in
Web: uasbng.kar.nic.in/Default.htm
BARODA

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390 002, Gujarat
Web: msubaroda.ac.in/

BHOPAL
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Bhopal
Govindpura, Bhopal - 23
E-mail: director@iiserbhopal.ac.in
Web: www.iiserbhopal.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics
BHUBANESHWAR
Institute of Life Sciences
Bhubaneswar 751 023, Orissa
Web: www.ils.res.in
Research Areas: Cancer, malaria, age diseases, stress biology, ecophysiology, plant molecular physiology, filariasis, tuberculosis, bio-perspecitve, agricultural biotechnology, bio-informatics.

National Institute of Science Education and Research – Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Physics Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa - 751 005,
e-mail : director@niser.ac.in
Web: www.niser.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.

Regional Research Laboratory
Bhubaneswar 751 013, Orissa
Email: root@csrrlbhu.ren.nic.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/rrl_bhu.html
Research Areas: Survey & cultivation of aromatic, medicinal and other economic plants.

Utkal University
Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751 004, Orissa
Web: www.utkaluniversity.org/
CHANDIGARH
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Mohali
Chandigarh
Email: webmaster@iisermohali.ac.in
Web: www.iisermohali.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology,
chemistry, math and physics

Institute of Microbial Technology
Sector 39–A, Chandigarh 160 036
Email: raghava@imtech.res.in
Web: www.imtech.res.in/
Research Areas: Molecular biology and microbial genetics,
animal cell/tissue culture and protein engineering.

Panjab University
Chandigarh 160 014
Email: pulib@puchd.ren.nic.in
Web: www.puchd.ac.in/

Postgraduate institute of Medical Education and Research
Sector-12, Chandigarh, 160 012
Email: pgimer@chd.nic.in
Web: pgimer.nic.in/
Research Areas: Obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry,
biochemistry, haematology, clinical parasitology etc.
CHENNAI
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu
Email: tppro@acer.iitm.ernet.in
Web: www.iitm.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.

University of Madras
University Centenary Building, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005, Tamil Nadu
Email: webmaster@unom.ac.in
Web: www.unom.ac.in/
DARJEELING
University of North Bengal
Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734 430, West Bengal
Email:(Registrar): regnbu@dte.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nbu.ac.in/
DELHI
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi
Email: webmastr@aiims.ac.in
Web: www.aiims.ac.in/

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: info@igib.res.in
Web: www.igib.res.in/
Research Areas: Allergy and immunology, diagnostics, genetic engineering, bio-organics and high-tech reagents.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016
Email: malhotra@admin.iitd.ernet.in
Web: www.iitd.ac.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biochemical engineering & biotechnology.
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.icgeb.trieste.it/
Research Areas: Mammalian biology:
Virology immunology, malaria,
recombinant gene products,
Plant molecular biology, plant transformation,
insect resistance, plant resistance.

Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
Email: webmaster@mail.jnu.ac.in
Web: www.jnu.ac.in

National Centre for Plant Genome Research
JNU Campus, New Delhi
Email: tapas_s3@yahoo.co.in
Web: ncpgr.nic.in/
Research Areas: Nutritional, structural, and functional genomics of various plant systems.

National Institute of Immunology
Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067
Web: www.nii.res.in/
Research Areas: Gene regulation, immunity & infection, molecular design, reproduction & development.

TERI University
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070 / India
E-mail: registrar@teri.res.in
Web: www.teriuniversity.ac.in
Research Areas: Environmental Studies, Natural Resources Management, Climate Science and Policy, Plant Biotechnology

University of Delhi
University Road, Delhi 110 007
Email: webmaster@du.ac.in
Web: www.du.ac.in/
GOA
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, Goa
Email: info@ncaor.org
Research Areas: Co–ordination and implementation of the Indian Antarctic Programme.


National Institute of Oceanography
Dona Paula 403 004, Goa
Email: webmaster@darya.nio.org
Web: www.nio.org/
Research Areas: International geosphere-bio-sphere programme, marine biotechnology.
GURGAON
National Brain Research Centre
Near NSG Campus, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana
Email: info@nbrc.ac.in
Web: www.nbrc.ac.in/
Research Areas: Brain research.
GUWAHATI
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
North Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam
Email: mcb@iitg.ernet.in
Web: www.iitg.ernet.in
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.


Gauhati University
Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781 014, Assam
Web: http://www.gauhati.ac.in/.
HYDERABAD
Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: (Director): lalji@ccmb.res.in
Web: www.ccmb.res.in/
Research Areas: Biophysics & biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics & evolution, biomedicines & biotechnology.


Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
CDFD, Bldg. 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad - 500 001.
Email: director@cdfd.org.in
Web: www.cdfd.org.in/
Research Areas: Automated genome analysis, bacterial genetics, cancer biology, cell biology & gene expression, computational biology, computational & functional genomics, immunology, mammalian genetics, molecular genetics, molecular oncology, molecular virology, structural biology, transcription, developmental neuroscience and drosophila genetics.


Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh
Email: kvr@iict.ap.nic.in, sampath@iict.ap.nic.in
Web: www.iictindia.org/
Research Areas: Pesticides, drugs, organic intermediates and fine chemicals.


LV Prasad Eye Intstitute
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: communications@lvpei.org
Web: www.lvpei.org/
LVPEI is a World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness. Equipped with cutting-edge technology and distinguished professionals in the field of Eye care


University of Hyderabad
P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh
Email: trctcs@uohyd.ernet.in
Web: www.uohyd.ernet.in/
IMPHAL
Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, Manipur
Email: ibsd_imp@sancharnet.in, ibsd-imphal@man.nic.in
Web: ibsd-imphal.nic.in/
Research Areas: Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity.
ITANAGAR
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
Itanagar, Nirjuli, Papumpare 791 109, Arunachal Pradesh
Email: dir@nerist.ernet.in
Web: www.nerist.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural engineering, forestry.
JAIPUR
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur 320 004, Rajasthan
Email: info@uniraj.org
Web: www.uniraj.org/
JAMMU and KASHMIR
Regional Research Laboratory
Canal Road, Jammu 130 001, Jammu & Kashmir
Email: (Director): qazi_gn@yahoo.com, root@csrrljm.ren.nic.in
Web: www.rrljammu.org/
Research Areas: Natural products & organic chemistry, improvement & cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, post harvest technology and applied microbiology & mutation genetics.

University of Jammu
Jammu 180 006, Jammu & Kashmir
Web: www.jammuuniversity.org/

University of Kashmir
Hazratbal,Srinagar-190006,Jammu and Kashmir
Email: info@kashmiruniversity.net
Web: http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/

Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Science (SKIMS)
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skimsweb@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skims.ac.in/

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST)
Shalimar Campus, Srinagar - 191121 Jammu and Kashmir
Email: skuastkashmir@gmail.com
Web: http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural Sciences, fisheries and veterinary sciences.
JORHAT
Regional Research Laboratory
Jorhat 785 006, Assam
Email: drrljt@csir.res.in, inform@csir.res.in
Web: jorhat.nic.in/rrl.htm
Research Areas: Agrochemicals, drugs and drug intermediates, organic chemistry, biochemistry.
KANPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
GT Road, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh
Email: infocell@iitk.ac.in
Web: www.iitk.ac.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biological sciences & bioengineering.
KHARAGPUR
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal
Email: (PRO): ashok@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in
Web: www.iitkgp.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
KOCHI
Cochin University of Science and Technology
South Kalamessery, Kochi 682 022, Kerala
Email: webmaster@cusat.ac.in
Web: www.cusat.ac.in/.
KOLKATA
Bose Institute
93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Email: sidroy@bic.boseinst.ernet.in
Web: www.boseinstitute.org/
Research Areas: Bioinformatics & computational biology, structure and functional dynamics of biomolecules, drug modeling, molecular genetics of microbes, transgenic plants etc.


Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: (Director): director@iicb.res.in
Web: www.iicb.res.in/
Research Areas: Natural products of medicinal, biological and industrial value, immunoassay techniques, tissue-targeted drug-delivery system.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Jadavpur University
188 Raja S.C. Mallik Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal
Email: registrar@jdvu.ac.in
Web: www.jadavpur.edu/


University of Calcutta
Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal
Web: www.kolkata.org/cu/
KURUKSHETRA
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra 136 119, Haryana
Email: jskadian@rediffmail.com
Web: kuk.ernet.in/
LUCKNOW
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
53 University Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@bsip.res.in
Web: www.bsip-india.org/index.htm
Research Areas: Botanical palaeobotany: Morphotaxonomy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, phylogeny and evolution.


Central Drug Research Institute
Chattar Manzil Palace, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@cdriindia.org
Web: www.cdriindia.org/
Research Areas: Development of contraceptives, new drugs for tropical diseases (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis), cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research –Kolkata
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
Web: www.iiserkol.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal
Email: postmaster@isical.ac.in
Web: www.isical.ac.in/
Research Areas: Agricultural and ecological research, biological anthropology, human genetics.


Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Lucknow 226 015, Uttar Pradesh
Email: director@cimap.res.in
Web: www.cimap.res.in/
Research Areas: Agrotechnologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, phytochemistry, plant physiology and biochemistry, pathology, genetics, entomology and pharmacognosy.


Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: info@itrcindia.org
Web: www.itrcindia.org/
Research Areas: Neurotoxicology, environmental health, immunotoxicology and environmental biotechnology.


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
MUMBAI
Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)
Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai - 410 210
Web: www.actrec.gov.in/
Research Areas: Research investigations currently focus on molecular mechanisms of cancer, drug development and emerging therapies for treatment and prevention of cancer.


Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, Maharashtra
Email: webmaster@magnum.barc.ernet.in
Web: www.barc.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Chemical and life sciences, nuclear agriculture.


Bombay Natural History Society
Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 023, Maharashtra
Email: bnhs@bom4.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.bnhs.org/


Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra
Email: registrar@iitb.ac.in
Web: www.iitb.ac.in/
Research Areas: Earth sciences; Science: Biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics.


Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005.
Web: www.tifr.res.in/
Department of Biological Sciences: www.tifr.res.in/~dbs
Research Areas: TIFR is a multidisciplinary research organisation working in the area of Natural Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), Mathematics and Computer Science.


University of Mumbai
Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santa Cruz (W), Mumbai 400 098, Maharashtra
Web: www.mu.ac.in/


National Botanical Research Institute
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh
Email: p.pushpangadan@nbri.res.in
Web: www.nbri-lko.org/
Research Areas: Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology.
NAGPUR
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, Maharashtra
Email: dirneeri@nagpur.dot.net.in
Web: www.neeri.nic.in/
Research Areas: Environmental biotechnology.
PUNE
Agharkar Research Institute
G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra
Web: www.aripune.org/
Research Areas: Animal sciences, microbial sciences, plant sciences.


Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Pune
Email: director@iiserpune.ac.in
Web: www.iiserpune.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics.


National Chemical Laboratory
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra
Email: director@ems.ncl.res.in
Web: www.ncl-india.org/
Research Areas: biotechnology, biochemistry.>


National Centre for Cell Sciences
NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra
Email: infonccs@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in
Web: www.nccs.res.in/
Research Areas: Cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, hybridoma technology, tissue banking & tissue engineering, regenerative biology, virology (HIV), cancer biology, diabetes, cryobiology transplantation, gene therapy.


University of Pune
Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra Telephone: 020-5601305
Email: Registrar): regis@unipune.ernet.in
Web: www.unipune.ernet.in/
PALAMPUR
Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
Post Box No. 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh
Email: root@csihbt.ren.nic.in, director@ihbt.csir.res.in
Web: www.icast.org.in/csir/ihbt.html
Research Areas: Floriculture, tea sciences, biotechnology and natural plant products.
PATIALA
Punjabi University
Patiala 147 002, Punjab
Email: ucc@pbi.ac.in
Web: www.universitypunjabi.org/
PILANI
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Vidhya Vihar Campus, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan
Email: mmsanand@bits-pilani.ac.in
Web: www.bits-pilani.ac.in/
ROORKEE
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667, Uttaranchal
Email: (Registrar): regis@iitr.ernet.in
Web: www.iitr.ernet.in/
Research Areas: Engineering: Biotechnology.
SHANTINIKETAN
Visva-Bharati University
Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235, West Bengal
Email: Root@vbharat.ernet.in
Web: www.visva-bharati.ac.in/
SHILLONG
North-Eastern Hill University
Umshing, Shillong 793 022, Meghalaya
Email: admin@nehu.ac.in
Web: www.nehu.ac.in/
SILCHAR
Assam University
P.O. Box 63, Silchar 788 011, Assam
Email: auliba@sancharnet.in, asokesen@sancharnet.in
Web: assamuniversity.nic.in/
TRIVANDUM
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research–Trivandum
Trivandrum, Kerala,India.
Web: www.iisertvm.ac.in/
Research Areas: All areas of basic sciences – Biology, chemistry, math and physics


Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Regional Research Laboratory
Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala
Email: root@csrrltrd.ren.nic.in
Web: w3rrlt.csir.res.in/
Research Areas: Chemistry of natural products, agroprocessing, photochemical systems including solar energy conversion, analysis of pollutants and waste-water technology.

VARANASI
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh
Email: webmaster@bhu.ac.in
Web: www.bhu.ac.in/index.html

Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Thycaud P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695 , Kerala
Email: info@rgcb.res.in
Web: rgcb.res.in/
Research Areas: Disease biology and molecular medicine, Plant biotechnology


Indian Council for Agricultural Research
Main Web site: www.icar.org.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: www.icar.org.in/icar15.html


CSIR Laboratories
Main CSIR website–www.csir.res.in/

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Department of Atomic Energy
Main CSIR website–www.barc.ernet.in/


Department of Biotechnology
Main CSIR website–dbtindia.nic.in/index.asp

Dept. of Science & Technology
Main Website: Main Website: www.dst.gov.in/


Indian Council for Medical Research
Main Web site: icmr.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICMR: icmr.nic.in/institute.htm#Permanent%20Institutes/Centres

Ministry of Environment and Forest
Main Web site: envfor.nic.in/
Research Institutes under ICAR: cyberjournalist.org.in/linksr.html

More at https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/download/bundle

ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/organisms/human_9606/VCF/GATK/.

ftp://ftp.broadinstitute.org/bundle/hg38/hg38bundle/

Address of the bookmark: https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/genomics-public-data/resources/broad/hg38/v0?pli=1

Gene expression and protein expression patterns between normal and non-normal tissues is a growing area of research that may lead to the identification of candidate genes for understanding the etiology of common, complex diseases.

Lab homepage @ http://ritchielab.psu.edu/ritchielab/