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<channel>
	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/43042?offset=270</link>
	<atom:link href="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/43042?offset=270" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	
	
<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/43329/postdoc-position-at-kiel-university-germany</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 28 Aug 2021 01:16:55 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Postdoc position at Kiel University, Germany]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>In the Genomic Microbiology Group of Prof. Tal Dagan at the Institute<br />of Microbiology at Kiel University, Germany, a</p>

<p>Postdoc position (m/w/d)</p>

<p>in the field of computational evolutionary microbiology is available<br />for an initially limited period of 36 months at the earliest possible<br />date. The weekly working time corresponds to 100% of full employment<br />(If the legal requirements under collective bargaining law are met, the<br />tariff grouping is carried out up to pay scale 13 TV-L. The obligation<br />to teach amounts to 4 hours.</p>

<p>The Genomic Microbiology Group research interests are focused on<br />microbial genome evolution with an emphasis on the study of lateral gene<br />transfer. In our research we use both computational and experimental<br />approaches (see www.uni-kiel.de/genomik). The position offers the<br />opportunity to develop an independent research profile within the group<br />research focus. The successful applicant is expected to be involved<br />in teaching of bioinformatics and molecular evolution, including the<br />development of teaching materials (lectures/exercises/short videos).</p>

<p>Your profile:<br />· Doctoral or PhD degree in Molecular Evolution, Bioinformatics or<br />related fields.<br />· Knowledge and experience in programming (e.g., Python) and<br />biostatistical analysis (e.g., with R or MatLab).<br />· Any of the following expertise is an advantage: the analysis of<br />genomic or transcriptomic data, phylogenetic reconstruction,<br />comparative genomics.<br />· Good oral and written communication skills in English.<br />· Ability to teach in German is an advantage (alternatively, an<br />indication to do so from the 2nd year on).<br />· Skills and motivation to communicate and interact with other<br />scientists.<br /> <br />The Christian-Albrechts-University sees itself as a modern and<br />cosmopolitan employer. We welcome your application regardless of your age,<br />gender, cultural and social background, religion, ideology, disability<br />or sexual identity. We promote equality of the sexes.</p>

<p>The Christian-Albrechts-University is committed to the employment of<br />people with disabilities. Preference will be given to applications from<br />severely handicapped persons and persons of equal standing, provided<br />they are suitable.</p>

<p>We expressly welcome applications from people with a migration background.</p>

<p>For enquiries regarding the position, teaching obligations and research<br />topic please contact Prof. Tal Dagan: tdagan@ifam.uni-kiel.de.</p>

<p>Applications should be submitted by email to Mrs. Haacks<br />(dhaacks@ifam.uni-kiel.de) as a single PDF and include: (1) a letter of<br />motivation (max 1 page, Arial 11, line spacing 1.15), (2) CV, (3) PhD<br />certificate. Please use 'GMG postdoc application - [your name]'<br />as a subject.</p>

<p>Please, refrain from sending us application photos.</p>

<p>Application deadline:  August 31 2021 or until the position is<br />filled. Interviews will take place during September/October 2021. The<br />planned starting date for the position is flexible (but in 2021).</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/10881/special-project-scientist-%E2%80%93-sorghum-genomics</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2014 00:34:39 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Special Project Scientist – Sorghum Genomics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>ICRISAT is seeking applications from Indian Nationals for a Special Project Scientist to work on a sorghum genomics activities related to sequencing/re-sequencing projects utilizing New Generation Sequencing platforms.</p>

<p>The Job detail</p>

<p>    Advancing the SNP-discovery and polymorphism assessment work across several germplasm panels representing global genetic diversity<br />    Population genetic and genomic analyses, testing the hypothesis related to adaptation in multiple geographic regions<br />    Develop SNP assays from large scale GBS and other re-sequencing data for several target traits utilizing available phenotyping data<br />    Combined analyses of genotypic and phenotypic data for discovery of marker-trait associations, and conducting GWAS<br />    Processing, analyzing, and archiving large-scale genomic data sets, assessing data quality, conducting analyses, interpreting findings, and communicating findings to others including preparation of reports, presentations, posters and journal articles<br />    Providing support to MSc and PhD students on topic related to its major core of research<br />    Any other work assigned by the supervisor</p>

<p>The Person:</p>

<p>    PhD in bioinformatics, genetics, computational biology preferably with 1 to 2 years of experience;<br />    familiar with standard bioinformatics tools and scripting languages and emerging and evolving software platforms relevant to bioinformatics and computational biology;<br />    ability to create new analytical pipelines; experience with handling large data sets;<br />    ability to program in at least two of the following: C++, PERL, Python, R, Java.<br />    will use next-generation sequencing technologies to generate marker data for genetic mapping and transcriptome data for expression QTL mapping, and will be responsible for data generation as well as data analysis.</p>

<p>Period and Remuneration: The assignment is for a period of two years, and can be extended for another year depending on performance. ICRISAT pays a very attractive all inclusive lump sum assignment fee payable in Indian Rupees.</p>

<p>How to Apply: Please send your application by email to icrisatjobs@cgiar.org, stating the job title (Special project Scientist-Sorghum Genomics) clearly in the subject column, addressed to the Director, Human Resources and Operations, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India, latest by 10 June 2014. The application should include an up-to-date Curriculum Vitae, a short statement of competencies and experience for the position, and the names and addresses (including phone/e-mail) of three referees. Only short-listed candidates will be contacted.</p>

<p>More at: http://www.icrisat.org/careers/Special-Project-Scientist-Sorghum-Genomics.htm</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/44472/pipesnake-bioinformatics-best-practice-analysis-pipeline-for-phylogenomic-reconstruction</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2024 06:19:41 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/44472/pipesnake-bioinformatics-best-practice-analysis-pipeline-for-phylogenomic-reconstruction</link>
	<title><![CDATA[pipesnake: bioinformatics best-practice analysis pipeline for phylogenomic reconstruction]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p dir="auto"><span>ausarg/pipesnake</span>&nbsp;is a bioinformatics best-practice analysis pipeline for phylogenomic reconstruction starting from short-read 'second-generation' sequencing data.</p>
<p dir="auto">The pipeline is built using&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nextflow.io/">Nextflow</a>, a workflow tool to run tasks across multiple compute infrastructures in a very portable manner. It uses Docker/Singularity containers making installation trivial and results highly reproducible. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nextflow.io/docs/latest/dsl2.html">Nextflow DSL2</a>&nbsp;implementation of this pipeline uses one container per process which makes it much easier to maintain and update software dependencies.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://github.com/AusARG/pipesnake" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/AusARG/pipesnake</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>LEGE</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/10739/science-for-life-laboratory-scilifelab-sweden</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2014 06:22:30 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab)-Sweden]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) is a national center for molecular biosciences with focus on health and environmental research. The center combines frontline technical expertise with advanced knowledge of translational medicine and molecular bioscience. SciLifeLab is a national resource and a collaboration between four universities: Karolinska Institutet, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm University and Uppsala University.</p>

<p>Webpage : https://www.scilifelab.se/about-us/<br />Opportunity: https://www.scilifelab.se/about-us/career/</p>
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44930/bioinformatics-the-bridge-between-curiosity-and-discovery</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 05:16:49 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44930/bioinformatics-the-bridge-between-curiosity-and-discovery</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Bioinformatics: The Bridge Between Curiosity and Discovery]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In the sprawling universe of modern science, bioinformatics stands as one of the most transformative and empowering fields of our time. It is where biology meets computation, where data becomes meaning, and where curiosity becomes discovery. If you&rsquo;ve stepped into this world&mdash;or are considering it&mdash;here&rsquo;s your reminder: you&rsquo;re part of a revolution.</p><p><strong>Why Bioinformatics Matters More Than Ever</strong></p><p>Every day, our world generates massive amounts of biological data&mdash;from genome sequences to microbiome profiles to real-time pathogen surveillance. Hidden within these datasets are the answers to some of the greatest challenges humanity faces: emerging diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental stress, genetic disorders, sustainable agriculture, and more.</p><p>Bioinformatics isn&rsquo;t just a skill.<br />It&rsquo;s the language of the future of biology.</p><p>By mastering it, you give yourself the power to:</p><p>Decode genomes and understand life at its most fundamental level</p><p>Identify patterns no microscope could ever reveal</p><p>Predict disease outbreaks before they occur</p><p>Accelerate drug discovery with computational precision</p><p>Contribute to open-source tools that empower scientists worldwide</p><p>You don&rsquo;t just follow science&mdash;you drive it.</p><p><strong>Every Expert Was Once a Beginner</strong></p><p>Many newcomers feel intimidated. Command-line interfaces. R scripts. Python packages. Next-generation sequencing data. Complex machine learning models.</p><p>But here&rsquo;s the truth: every bioinformatician started exactly where you are now&mdash;curious, unsure, but excited.</p><p>No one writes perfect code on day one.</p><p>No one understands genomics pipelines immediately.</p><p>What makes you a bioinformatician is not perfection, but perseverance.</p><p>When your script throws a cryptic error&hellip;<br />When your data refuses to format&hellip;<br />When your pipeline runs for 6 hours only to crash&hellip;</p><p>Remember: this is part of the journey.<br />Every error teaches you. Every retry strengthens you. Every breakthrough energizes you.</p><p>Bioinformatics Is Not Just a Career&mdash;It&rsquo;s a Mindset</p><p>It&rsquo;s the mindset of:</p><p>Problem-solving.</p><p>Continuous learning.</p><p>Turning chaos into clarity.</p><p>Seeing what others can&rsquo;t.</p><p>Bioinformaticians are detectives of biological complexity. You sit at the intersection of innovation, using tools that can shape public health, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. Few fields give you such direct impact on the world.</p><p><strong>Your Contribution Matters</strong></p><p>As you work on your script, pipeline, genome, or model, remember:</p><p>Somewhere, your analysis might contribute to:</p><p>A new therapy</p><p>A faster diagnostic test</p><p>A better understanding of a pathogen</p><p>A more resilient crop</p><p>An open-source dataset that helps thousands</p><p>A discovery that rewrites textbooks</p><p>Your code may be small, but its ripple effect is powerful.</p><p>The Future Is Bioinformatics&mdash;And You Are Part of It</p><p>The world is shifting. Wet labs are integrating AI. Hospitals rely on genomic insights. Farmers use gene-level predictions. Governments monitor disease in real time. Students launch pipelines that become global tools.</p><p>This is a golden era&mdash;and you are not late.<br />You are exactly where you need to be.</p><p>Keep Pushing. Keep Learning. Keep Discovering.</p><p>Bioinformatics is a journey filled with challenges, but also with unmatched rewards.</p><p>So the next time you feel stuck, frustrated, or overwhelmed, remember:<br />You&rsquo;re building the science of tomorrow.</p><p>Be proud. Stay curious. Keep going.<br />Your work matters more than you think.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioStar</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/10841/ra-at-iisr-kozhikode</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2014 10:08:09 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[RA at IISR Kozhikode]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPICES RESEARCH<br />(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)<br />Marikunnu P.O., Kozhikode – 673 012, Kerala</p>

<p>Walk- in- Test cum Interview (based on test) for the selection of Research Associate</p>

<p>under the scheme “Distributed Information Sub Centre –DISC” &amp; Research Assistant under scheme “Phytophthora, Fusarium and Ralstonia diseases of Horticultural and Field Crops” will be held at this Institute as per details indicated below.</p>

<p>WALK -IN- TEST CUM INTERVIEW</p>

<p>Name of the post : Research Associate</p>

<p>Date of Interview : 21-05-2014 at 10.00 AM</p>

<p>No. of posts : One</p>

<p>Qualifications : a)Essential</p>

<p>Ph.D Degree in Bioinformatics OR :  Masters degree in Bioinformatics with a minimum of<br />60% marks or equivalent OGPA with at least two years research experience as evidenced from fellowship/ associateship/training/published papers etc.</p>

<p>b)Desirable: Experience in NGS data analysis.</p>

<p>Emoluments : Rs. 23,000/- per month + HRA (Masters Degree Holders)</p>

<p>Rs. 24,000/- per month + HRA (Ph.D Degree Holders)</p>

<p>Upper age limit : 40 years for Men &amp; 45 years for Women as on date of Interview (Upper Age limits are relaxable for SC, ST and OBC candidates as per Govt. of India norms (at present 5 years for SC/ST and 3 years for OBC)</p>

<p>Duration of Project : Till 31-03-2017.</p>

<p>Title of Assigment : Research Assistant (on contract basis)</p>

<p>No. of vacancy : One</p>

<p>Qualification : Essential : Post Graduation in Bioinformatics and  Minimum one year experience in NGS data analysis</p>

<p>Desirable : Experience in Perl/Python/R</p>

<p>Remuneration : Rs. 20,000/- per month (consolidated)</p>

<p>Scope of work :</p>

<p>1. Analysis of different file formats and their conversions.</p>

<p>2. Assessing the quality of data and filtering of raw reads.<br />3. Assembling the raw reads-de novo as well as reference  mapping.<br />4. Compression of aligned reads using Jam tools<br />5. RNA-seq. Analysis<br />6. Differential expression testing involving Normalization,  Statistical testing, heat map generation &amp; hierarchical  clustering<br />7. Annotating the assembled genome and geneet testing  and their validation<br />8. Metabolic pathway analysis<br />9. Comparative genomics<br />10. Setting up of genome browsers.</p>

<p>Period of Assigment : Initially for six months.</p>

<p>Date &amp; Venue of Interview : 21-05-2014 at IISR, Kozhikode at 10.00 AM</p>

<p>More at http://www.spices.res.in/pdf/disc-advtmnt.pdf</p>
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/39307/awk-for-beginners</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2019 16:19:41 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/39307/awk-for-beginners</link>
	<title><![CDATA[AWK for beginners !]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>AWK is a standard tool on every POSIX-compliant UNIX system. It&rsquo;s like flex/lex, from the command-line, perfect for text-processing tasks and other scripting needs. It has a C-like syntax, but without mandatory semicolons (although, you should use them anyway, because they are required when you&rsquo;re writing one-liners, something AWK excels at), manual memory management, or static typing. It excels at text processing. You can call to it from a shell script, or you can use it as a stand-alone scripting language.</p><p>Why use AWK instead of Perl? Readability. AWK is easier to read than Perl. For simple text-processing scripts, particularly ones that read files line by line and split on delimiters, AWK is probably the right tool for the job.</p><div><pre><span>#!/usr/bin/awk -f</span>

<span># Comments are like this</span>


<span># AWK programs consist of a collection of patterns and actions.</span>
<span>pattern1</span> <span>{</span> <span>action</span><span>;</span> <span>}</span> <span># just like lex</span>
<span>pattern2</span> <span>{</span> <span>action</span><span>;</span> <span>}</span>

<span># There is an implied loop and AWK automatically reads and parses each</span>
<span># record of each file supplied. Each record is split by the FS delimiter,</span>
<span># which defaults to white-space (multiple spaces,tabs count as one)</span>
<span># You can assign FS either on the command line (-F C) or in your BEGIN</span>
<span># pattern</span>

<span># One of the special patterns is BEGIN. The BEGIN pattern is true</span>
<span># BEFORE any of the files are read. The END pattern is true after</span>
<span># an End-of-file from the last file (or standard-in if no files specified)</span>
<span># There is also an output field separator (OFS) that you can assign, which</span>
<span># defaults to a single space</span>

<span>BEGIN</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># BEGIN will run at the beginning of the program. It's where you put all</span>
    <span># the preliminary set-up code, before you process any text files. If you</span>
    <span># have no text files, then think of BEGIN as the main entry point.</span>

    <span># Variables are global. Just set them or use them, no need to declare..</span>
    <span>count</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Operators just like in C and friends</span>
    <span>a</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>+</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>b</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>-</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>c</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>*</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>d</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>/</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span> <span># integer division</span>
    <span>e</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>%</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span> <span># modulus</span>
    <span>f</span> <span>=</span> <span>count</span> <span>^</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span> <span># exponentiation</span>

    <span>a</span> <span>+=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>b</span> <span>-=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>c</span> <span>*=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>d</span> <span>/=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>e</span> <span>%=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>
    <span>f</span> <span>^=</span> <span>1</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Incrementing and decrementing by one</span>
    <span>a</span><span>++</span><span>;</span>
    <span>b</span><span>--</span><span>;</span>

    <span># As a prefix operator, it returns the incremented value</span>
    <span>++</span><span>a</span><span>;</span>
    <span>--</span><span>b</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Notice, also, no punctuation such as semicolons to terminate statements</span>

    <span># Control statements</span>
    <span>if</span> <span>(</span><span>count</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Starting with count of 0"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>else</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Huh?"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Or you could use the ternary operator</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>(</span><span>count</span> <span>==</span> <span>0</span><span>)</span> <span>?</span> <span>"Starting with count of 0"</span> <span>:</span> <span>"Huh?"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Blocks consisting of multiple lines use braces</span>
    <span>while</span> <span>(</span><span>a</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>10</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"String concatenation is done"</span> <span>" with a series"</span> <span>" of"</span>
            <span>" space-separated strings"</span><span>;</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>a</span><span>;</span>

        <span>a</span><span>++</span><span>;</span>
    <span>}</span>

    <span>for</span> <span>(</span><span>i</span> <span>=</span> <span>0</span><span>;</span> <span>i</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>10</span><span>;</span> <span>i</span><span>++</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Good ol' for loop"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># As for comparisons, they're the standards:</span>
    <span># a &lt; b   # Less than</span>
    <span># a &lt;= b  # Less than or equal</span>
    <span># a != b  # Not equal</span>
    <span># a == b  # Equal</span>
    <span># a &gt; b   # Greater than</span>
    <span># a &gt;= b  # Greater than or equal</span>

    <span># Logical operators as well</span>
    <span># a &amp;&amp; b  # AND</span>
    <span># a || b  # OR</span>

    <span># In addition, there's the super useful regular expression match</span>
    <span>if</span> <span>(</span><span>"foo"</span> <span>~</span> <span>"^fo+$"</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Fooey!"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>if</span> <span>(</span><span>"boo"</span> <span>!~</span> <span>"^fo+$"</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Boo!"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Arrays</span>
    <span>arr</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"foo"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>arr</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"bar"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># You can also initialize an array with the built-in function split()</span>

    <span>n</span> <span>=</span> <span>split</span><span>(</span><span>"foo:bar:baz"</span><span>,</span> <span>arr</span><span>,</span> <span>":"</span><span>);</span>

    <span># You also have associative arrays (actually, they're all associative arrays)</span>
    <span>assoc</span><span>[</span><span>"foo"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"bar"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>assoc</span><span>[</span><span>"bar"</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"baz"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># And multi-dimensional arrays, with some limitations I won't mention here</span>
    <span>multidim</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>,</span><span>0</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"foo"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>multidim</span><span>[</span><span>0</span><span>,</span><span>1</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"bar"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>multidim</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>0</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"baz"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>multidim</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>,</span><span>1</span><span>]</span> <span>=</span> <span>"boo"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># You can test for array membership</span>
    <span>if</span> <span>(</span><span>"foo"</span> <span>in</span> <span>assoc</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"Fooey!"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># You can also use the 'in' operator to traverse the keys of an array</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>(</span><span>key</span> <span>in</span> <span>assoc</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>assoc</span><span>[</span><span>key</span><span>];</span>

    <span># The command line is in a special array called ARGV</span>
    <span>for</span> <span>(</span><span>argnum</span> <span>in</span> <span>ARGV</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>ARGV</span><span>[</span><span>argnum</span><span>];</span>

    <span># You can remove elements of an array</span>
    <span># This is particularly useful to prevent AWK from assuming the arguments</span>
    <span># are files for it to process</span>
    <span>delete</span> <span>ARGV</span><span>[</span><span>1</span><span>];</span>

    <span># The number of command line arguments is in a variable called ARGC</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>ARGC</span><span>;</span>

    <span># AWK has several built-in functions. They fall into three categories. I'll</span>
    <span># demonstrate each of them in their own functions, defined later.</span>

    <span>return_value</span> <span>=</span> <span>arithmetic_functions</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>);</span>
    <span>string_functions</span><span>();</span>
    <span>io_functions</span><span>();</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># Here's how you define a function</span>
<span>function</span> <span>arithmetic_functions</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>,</span> <span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>c</span><span>,</span>     <span>d</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># Probably the most annoying part of AWK is that there are no local</span>
    <span># variables. Everything is global. For short scripts, this is fine, even</span>
    <span># useful, but for longer scripts, this can be a problem.</span>

    <span># There is a work-around (ahem, hack). Function arguments are local to the</span>
    <span># function, and AWK allows you to define more function arguments than it</span>
    <span># needs. So just stick local variable in the function declaration, like I</span>
    <span># did above. As a convention, stick in some extra whitespace to distinguish</span>
    <span># between actual function parameters and local variables. In this example,</span>
    <span># a, b, and c are actual parameters, while d is merely a local variable.</span>

    <span># Now, to demonstrate the arithmetic functions</span>

    <span># Most AWK implementations have some standard trig functions</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>sin</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>);</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>cos</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>);</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>atan2</span><span>(</span><span>b</span><span>,</span> <span>a</span><span>);</span> <span># arc tangent of b / a</span>

    <span># And logarithmic stuff</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>exp</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>);</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>log</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>);</span>

    <span># Square root</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>sqrt</span><span>(</span><span>a</span><span>);</span>

    <span># Truncate floating point to integer</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>int</span><span>(</span><span>5.34</span><span>);</span> <span># localvar =&gt; 5</span>

    <span># Random numbers</span>
    <span>srand</span><span>();</span> <span># Supply a seed as an argument. By default, it uses the time of day</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>rand</span><span>();</span> <span># Random number between 0 and 1.</span>

    <span># Here's how to return a value</span>
    <span>return</span> <span>localvar</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>

<span>function</span> <span>string_functions</span><span>(</span>    <span>localvar</span><span>,</span> <span>arr</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># AWK, being a string-processing language, has several string-related</span>
    <span># functions, many of which rely heavily on regular expressions.</span>

    <span># Search and replace, first instance (sub) or all instances (gsub)</span>
    <span># Both return number of matches replaced</span>
    <span>localvar</span> <span>=</span> <span>"fooooobar"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>sub</span><span>(</span><span>"fo+"</span><span>,</span> <span>"Meet me at the "</span><span>,</span> <span>localvar</span><span>);</span> <span># localvar =&gt; "Meet me at the bar"</span>
    <span>gsub</span><span>(</span><span>"e+"</span><span>,</span> <span>"."</span><span>,</span> <span>localvar</span><span>);</span> <span># localvar =&gt; "m..t m. at th. bar"</span>

    <span># Search for a string that matches a regular expression</span>
    <span># index() does the same thing, but doesn't allow a regular expression</span>
    <span>match</span><span>(</span><span>localvar</span><span>,</span> <span>"t"</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; 4, since the 't' is the fourth character</span>

    <span># Split on a delimiter</span>
    <span>n</span> <span>=</span> <span>split</span><span>(</span><span>"foo-bar-baz"</span><span>,</span> <span>arr</span><span>,</span> <span>"-"</span><span>);</span> <span># a[1] = "foo"; a[2] = "bar"; a[3] = "baz"; n = 3</span>

    <span># Other useful stuff</span>
    <span>sprintf</span><span>(</span><span>"%s %d %d %d"</span><span>,</span> <span>"Testing"</span><span>,</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; "Testing 1 2 3"</span>
    <span>substr</span><span>(</span><span>"foobar"</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; "oob"</span>
    <span>substr</span><span>(</span><span>"foobar"</span><span>,</span> <span>4</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; "bar"</span>
    <span>length</span><span>(</span><span>"foo"</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; 3</span>
    <span>tolower</span><span>(</span><span>"FOO"</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; "foo"</span>
    <span>toupper</span><span>(</span><span>"foo"</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; "FOO"</span>
<span>}</span>

<span>function</span> <span>io_functions</span><span>(</span>    <span>localvar</span><span>)</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># You've already seen print</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>"Hello world"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># There's also printf</span>
    <span>printf</span><span>(</span><span>"%s %d %d %d\n"</span><span>,</span> <span>"Testing"</span><span>,</span> <span>1</span><span>,</span> <span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>3</span><span>);</span>

    <span># AWK doesn't have file handles, per se. It will automatically open a file</span>
    <span># handle for you when you use something that needs one. The string you used</span>
    <span># for this can be treated as a file handle, for purposes of I/O. This makes</span>
    <span># it feel sort of like shell scripting, but to get the same output, the string</span>
    <span># must match exactly, so use a variable:</span>

    <span>outfile</span> <span>=</span> <span>"/tmp/foobar.txt"</span><span>;</span>

    <span>print</span> <span>"foobar"</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>outfile</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Now the string outfile is a file handle. You can close it:</span>
    <span>close</span><span>(</span><span>outfile</span><span>);</span>

    <span># Here's how you run something in the shell</span>
    <span>system</span><span>(</span><span>"echo foobar"</span><span>);</span> <span># =&gt; prints foobar</span>

    <span># Reads a line from standard input and stores in localvar</span>
    <span>getline</span> <span>localvar</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Reads a line from a pipe (again, use a string so you close it properly)</span>
    <span>cmd</span> <span>=</span> <span>"echo foobar"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>cmd</span> <span>|</span> <span>getline</span> <span>localvar</span><span>;</span> <span># localvar =&gt; "foobar"</span>
    <span>close</span><span>(</span><span>cmd</span><span>);</span>

    <span># Reads a line from a file and stores in localvar</span>
    <span>infile</span> <span>=</span> <span>"/tmp/foobar.txt"</span><span>;</span>
    <span>getline</span> <span>localvar</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>infile</span><span>;</span> 
    <span>close</span><span>(</span><span>infile</span><span>);</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># As I said at the beginning, AWK programs consist of a collection of patterns</span>
<span># and actions. You've already seen the BEGIN pattern. Other</span>
<span># patterns are used only if you're processing lines from files or standard</span>
<span># input.</span>
<span>#</span>
<span># When you pass arguments to AWK, they are treated as file names to process.</span>
<span># It will process them all, in order. Think of it like an implicit for loop,</span>
<span># iterating over the lines in these files. these patterns and actions are like</span>
<span># switch statements inside the loop. </span>

<span>/^fo+bar$/</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># This action will execute for every line that matches the regular</span>
    <span># expression, /^fo+bar$/, and will be skipped for any line that fails to</span>
    <span># match it. Let's just print the line:</span>

    <span>print</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Whoa, no argument! That's because print has a default argument: $0.</span>
    <span># $0 is the name of the current line being processed. It is created</span>
    <span># automatically for you.</span>

    <span># You can probably guess there are other $ variables. Every line is</span>
    <span># implicitly split before every action is called, much like the shell</span>
    <span># does. And, like the shell, each field can be access with a dollar sign</span>

    <span># This will print the second and fourth fields in the line</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>$</span><span>2</span><span>,</span> <span>$</span><span>4</span><span>;</span>

    <span># AWK automatically defines many other variables to help you inspect and</span>
    <span># process each line. The most important one is NF</span>

    <span># Prints the number of fields on this line</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>NF</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Print the last field on this line</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>$</span><span>NF</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># Every pattern is actually a true/false test. The regular expression in the</span>
<span># last pattern is also a true/false test, but part of it was hidden. If you</span>
<span># don't give it a string to test, it will assume $0, the line that it's</span>
<span># currently processing. Thus, the complete version of it is this:</span>

<span>$</span><span>0</span> <span>~</span> <span>/^fo+bar$/</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>"Equivalent to the last pattern"</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>

<span>a</span> <span>&gt;</span> <span>0</span> <span>{</span>
    <span># This will execute once for each line, as long as a is positive</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># You get the idea. Processing text files, reading in a line at a time, and</span>
<span># doing something with it, particularly splitting on a delimiter, is so common</span>
<span># in UNIX that AWK is a scripting language that does all of it for you, without</span>
<span># you needing to ask. All you have to do is write the patterns and actions</span>
<span># based on what you expect of the input, and what you want to do with it.</span>

<span># Here's a quick example of a simple script, the sort of thing AWK is perfect</span>
<span># for. It will read a name from standard input and then will print the average</span>
<span># age of everyone with that first name. Let's say you supply as an argument the</span>
<span># name of a this data file:</span>
<span>#</span>
<span># Bob Jones 32</span>
<span># Jane Doe 22</span>
<span># Steve Stevens 83</span>
<span># Bob Smith 29</span>
<span># Bob Barker 72</span>
<span>#</span>
<span># Here's the script:</span>

<span>BEGIN</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># First, ask the user for the name</span>
    <span>print</span> <span>"What name would you like the average age for?"</span><span>;</span>

    <span># Get a line from standard input, not from files on the command line</span>
    <span>getline</span> <span>name</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span>"/dev/stdin"</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># Now, match every line whose first field is the given name</span>
<span>$</span><span>1</span> <span>==</span> <span>name</span> <span>{</span>

    <span># Inside here, we have access to a number of useful variables, already</span>
    <span># pre-loaded for us:</span>
    <span># $0 is the entire line</span>
    <span># $3 is the third field, the age, which is what we're interested in here</span>
    <span># NF is the number of fields, which should be 3</span>
    <span># NR is the number of records (lines) seen so far</span>
    <span># FILENAME is the name of the file being processed</span>
    <span># FS is the field separator being used, which is " " here</span>
    <span># ...etc. There are plenty more, documented in the man page.</span>

    <span># Keep track of a running total and how many lines matched</span>
    <span>sum</span> <span>+=</span> <span>$</span><span>3</span><span>;</span>
    <span>nlines</span><span>++</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>

<span># Another special pattern is called END. It will run after processing all the</span>
<span># text files. Unlike BEGIN, it will only run if you've given it input to</span>
<span># process. It will run after all the files have been read and processed</span>
<span># according to the rules and actions you've provided. The purpose of it is</span>
<span># usually to output some kind of final report, or do something with the</span>
<span># aggregate of the data you've accumulated over the course of the script.</span>

<span>END</span> <span>{</span>
    <span>if</span> <span>(</span><span>nlines</span><span>)</span>
        <span>print</span> <span>"The average age for "</span> <span>name</span> <span>" is "</span> <span>sum</span> <span>/</span> <span>nlines</span><span>;</span>
<span>}</span>
</pre><p><span>&nbsp;</span></p></div>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>BioJoker</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/11000/professorassociate-professor-assistant-professor-at-chettinad-academy-of-research-and-education</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2014 00:00:15 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Professor/Associate Professor/ Assistant Professor at Chettinad Academy of Research and Education]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>OPEN FACULTY POSITION</p>

<p>Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE) invites applications from eligible and translational research-oriented candidates to the posts of Professor/Associate Professor/ Assistant Professor  Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.</p>

<p>Emoluments: As per UGC norms (Adequate Compensation for Postdoctoral/Teaching experience)</p>

<p>Candidates fulfilling the eligibility criteria as per the UGC norms can send their full CV with copies of certificates and reference letters to the following address by post or by e-mail on or before 31st May 2014</p>

<p>The Registrar,<br />Chettinad Academy of Research and Education,<br />Chettinad Health City<br />Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103<br />Tamil Nadu<br />T +91 (0)44 4741 1000<br />F +91 (0)44 4741 1011<br />Email: jobs @chettinadhealthcity.com</p>

<p>Advertisement: http://182.73.176.163/chc/ads2014.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/43431/code-golf</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2021 04:17:29 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/43431/code-golf</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Code Golf]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Code Golf is a game designed to let you show off your code-fu by solving problems in the least number of characters.</p>
<p>Since this is your first time here, I suggest starting with something simple like&nbsp;<a href="https://code.golf/fizz-buzz">Fizz Buzz</a>.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://code.golf/" rel="nofollow">https://code.golf/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Abhi</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/11107/the-minerva-research-group-for-bioinformatics</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2014 15:48:14 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[The Minerva Research Group for Bioinformatics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>The focus of the bioinformatics group is to use computational approaches to gain an insight into genome evolution in primates.</p>

<p>http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/bioinformatics/overview.html?Fsize=0%2C%20%40%2F%27</p>

<p>Kelso Group<br />Department of Evolutionary Genetics<br />Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<br />Deutscher Platz 6<br />04103 Leipzig<br />Germany<br />Phone: +49 341 3550 500</p>

<p>Job: <br />http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/bioinformatics/jobs.html?Fsize=0%2C%2B%40</p>
]]></description>
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