Study of 10 tools on five datasets that such a comparative evaluation of these tools is hindered by two types of circularity: they arise due to (1) the same variants or (2) different variants from the same protein occurring both in the datasets used for training and for evaluation of these tools, which may lead to overly optimistic results. Comparative evaluations of predictors that do not address these types of circularity may erroneously conclude that circularity confounded tools are most accurate among all tools, and may even outperform optimized combinations of tools.

Following tools are useful for mis sense muation detection ... 

PolyPhen‐2 (PP2)
“Predicts possible impact of an amino acid substitution on the structure and function of a human protein using straightforward physical and comparative considerations”

MutationTaster‐2 (MT2)
“Evaluation of the disease‐causing potential of DNA sequence alterations”

MutationAssessor (MASS)
“Predicts the functional impact of amino acid substitutions in proteins, such as mutations discovered in cancer or missense polymorphisms”

LRT
“Identify a subset of deleterious mutations that disrupt highly conserved amino acids within protein‐coding sequences, which are likely to be unconditionally deleterious”

SIFT
“Predicts whether an amino acid substitution affects protein function”

GERP++
“Identifies constrained elements in multiple alignments by quantifying substitution deficits. These deficits represent substitutions that would have occurred if the element were neutral DNA, but did not occur because the element has been under functional constraint. We refer to these deficits as “rejected substitutions.” Rejected substitutions are a natural measure of constraint that reflects the strength of past purifying selection on the element”

phyloP
“Compute conservation or acceleration P values based on an alignment and a model of neutral evolution”

FatHMM unweighted (FatHMM‐U)
Predicts “functional consequences of both coding variants, that is, nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide variants, and noncoding variants”

FatHMM weighted (FatHMM‐W)
Predicts “functional consequences of both coding variants, that is, nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide variants, and noncoding variants” and its weighting scheme attributes higher tolerance scores to SNVs in proteins, related proteins, or domains that already include a high fraction of pathogenic variantsh

Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD)
“CADD is a tool for scoring the deleteriousness of single‐nucleotide variants as well as insertion/deletions variants in the human genome”

3D-Dock Suite

Global rigid search: FFTShape complementarity and electrostatics

Re-scoring and clustering. Refinement of interface side-chains

3D-Garden

Global rigid search in ensamble

Shape complementarity and Lennard–Jones potential

Side chain and backbone dihedral refinement

DOT

Global rigid search: FFTShape complementarity, electrostatics and VDWNone

Escher NG

Global rigid searchShape complementarity, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic

Integrated in VEGA

GRAMM 

Global rigid search: FFT. smooth protein surface representation for soft docking

Shape complementarity and Lennard-Jones potential

Clustering of conformations

GRAMM-X 

Global rigid search: FFT. smooth protein surface representation for soft docking

Shape complementarity and Lennard-Jones potentialminimization and re-scoring with multiple filters

HEX

Global rigid search: Fourier correlation of spherical harmonics

Shape complementarity

HADDOCK

Global rigid searchElectrostatic ,VDW and desolvation energy termsMD simulated annealing refinement . Filtering based on external data. 

ICM

Global rigid search: Monte CarloEmpirical scoring function

Clustering and selection of conformations. Refinement of interface side-chains and re-scoring

MolFit 

Global rigid search: FFTShape complementarity

Clustering of good solutions, filtering using a priori information and small, local rigid rotations around selected conformations

PatchDock

Global rigid searchShape complementarity and atomic desolvation energy

Clustering of conformations

PyDock

Global rigid search:FFTShape complementarity

rescoring by binding electrostatics and desolvation energy

RosettaDock

Local rigid search: Monte Carlo with low and high resolution structure representation levels

Different scoring parameters for the different resolutions 

ZDOCK

Global rigid search: FFTShape complementarity, desolvation energy, and electrostatics.

Energy minimization and re-scoringFree for academics

Point to note:

The proper treatment of flexibility in protein–protein docking is still an active field of research. You first should analyzed your proteins in order to define their conformational space and then choose the most suitable method for your docking problem.

Download 

http://arthropods.eugenes.org/EvidentialGene/trassembly.html

https://sourceforge.net/p/evidentialgene/blog/

Address of the bookmark: http://arthropods.eugenes.org/EvidentialGene/trassembly.html

Address of the bookmark: http://www.phytools.org/Cordoba2017/ex/2/Intro-to-phylogenies.html

ashr - https://github.com/stephens999/ashr, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ashr/index.html

consensusDE - https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/consensusDE.html

DESeq2 - https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq2.html

edgeR - https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/edgeR.html

limma - https://kasperdanielhansen.github.io/genbioconductor/html/limma.html  https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/limma.html

MetaCycle - https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MetaCycle/index.html, https://github.com/gangwug/MetaCycle

RUVSeq - https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/RUVSeq.html

SARTools - https://github.com/PF2-pasteur-fr/SARTools

tximport - https://github.com/mikelove/tximport

https://evirusbioinfc.notion.site/18e21bc49827484b8a2f84463cb40b8d?v=92e7eb6703be4720abf17a901bc9a947

Address of the bookmark: https://evirusbioinfc.notion.site/18e21bc49827484b8a2f84463cb40b8d?v=92e7eb6703be4720abf17a901bc9a947

To fully leverage these opportunities, bioinformaticians require specialized tools and databases. This blog highlights essential resources for mycology research, focusing on databases, tools, and platforms tailored for fungal biology.

1. Fungal Databases

1.1. MycoCosm

Website: MycoCosm
Developed by the DOE Joint Genome Institute, MycoCosm is a comprehensive portal for fungal genomics. It offers genomic and transcriptomic data for a wide range of fungi, including saprobes, pathogens, and symbionts.

• Key Features: Genome browsers, comparative genomics tools, and functional annotations.
• Best For: Large-scale studies on fungal evolution and ecology.

1.2. FungiDB

Website: FungiDB
FungiDB is an integrated genomic resource for fungal pathogens and non-pathogens. It provides access to genome sequences, transcriptomic data, and functional annotations.

• Key Features: Advanced search options, BLAST, and pathway analysis tools.
• Best For: Studying fungal pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.

1.3. Index Fungorum

Website: Index Fungorum
This nomenclatural database provides information on the scientific names of fungi. It’s an essential resource for taxonomists and researchers focused on fungal biodiversity.

• Key Features: Taxonomic hierarchy and synonymy tracking.
• Best For: Identifying and classifying fungal species.

1.4. UNITE

Website: UNITE
UNITE is a specialized database for fungal ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequences, often used in fungal identification and phylogenetics.

• Key Features: Curated reference datasets and community annotations.
• Best For: Environmental mycology and microbial ecology studies.

2. Analytical Tools

2.1. Funannotate

Repository: GitHub - Funannotate
Funannotate is a genome annotation tool designed for fungi. It supports tasks like gene prediction, functional annotation, and orthology analysis.

• Best For: Annotating newly sequenced fungal genomes.

2.2. BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs)

Website: BUSCO
BUSCO evaluates genome assembly and annotation completeness using orthologs. It includes a fungal-specific dataset.

• Best For: Assessing the quality of fungal genome assemblies.

2.3. Pathogen-Host Interactions Database (PHI-base)

Website: PHI-base
PHI-base is a manually curated resource containing information on pathogen-host interactions, including fungal pathogens.

• Best For: Exploring virulence factors and host-pathogen relationships.

3. Visualization Platforms

3.1. Cytoscape

Website: Cytoscape
A powerful tool for visualizing molecular interaction networks, Cytoscape can be used to study protein-protein interactions, gene networks, and metabolic pathways in fungi.

• Best For: Network biology and functional genomics.

3.2. iTOL (Interactive Tree of Life)

Website: iTOL
iTOL is an interactive tool for visualizing phylogenetic trees.

• Best For: Displaying fungal phylogenies and comparing evolutionary relationships.

4. Community Resources

4.1. Mycological Society of America (MSA)

Website: MSA
The MSA promotes fungal research and provides access to resources, conferences, and publications.

• Best For: Networking with fungal researchers and accessing recent studies.

4.2. OpenFungi

Website: OpenFungi
OpenFungi is an open-source initiative providing fungal genomic and transcriptomic datasets for research and education.

• Best For: Sharing and accessing public fungal datasets.

5. Genomics Workflows

5.1. Galaxy

Website: Galaxy Project
Galaxy offers a web-based platform for reproducible bioinformatics workflows, including tools for fungal genome and transcriptome analysis.

• Best For: User-friendly analysis pipelines without requiring coding skills.

5.2. Snakemake

Repository: Snakemake
A flexible pipeline management tool that supports fungal data processing and analysis.

• Best For: Custom workflows for large-scale fungal datasets.

Conclusion

Fungal research is a rapidly growing field with vast implications for medicine, agriculture, and industry. For bioinformaticians, the availability of specialized resources—databases, tools, and community platforms—opens doors to innovative discoveries. Whether you are investigating fungal genomics, studying host-pathogen interactions, or exploring fungal biodiversity, the resources outlined above will empower your research journey.

Dive into these resources and help unravel the mysteries of the fungal kingdom!

Following are the comprehensive list of visualization tools for biological pathways:

BiNA

Drawings of metabolic networks supporting hiding of cofactors and drawing of chemical structures

http://bina.unipax.info/

BioTapestry

Interactive tool for building, visualizing and sharing gene regulatory network models over the web

http://www.biotapestry.org/

Caleydo

Visual analysis framework targeted at biomolecular data. Visualization of interdependencies between multiple datasets

http://www.caleydo.org/

CellDesigner

A modeling tool for biochemical networks

http://www.celldesigner.org/

Edinburgh Pathway Editor

Edit and draw pathway diagrams

http://epe.sourceforge.net/SourceForge/EPE.html

GenMAPP

Visualization of gene expression and other genomic data on maps representing biological pathways and groupings of genes

http://www.genmapp.org/

Ingenuity IPA

Data integration platform and manually annotated pathways

http://tinyurl.com/IngenuityPath

JDesigner

Graphical modeling environment for biochemical reaction networks

http://jdesigner.sourceforge.net/Site/JDesigner.html

KaPPA View

Plant pathways

http://kpv.kazusa.or.jp/

KEGG Atlas

Interactive Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways

http://www.genome.jp/kegg/

Omix 

Visualizing multi-omics data in metabolic networks

https://www.omix-visualization.com

PathVisio 

Biological pathway analysis software that allows drawing, editing and analysis of biological pathways

http://www.pathvisio.org/

VitaPad 

Application to visualize biological pathways and map experimental data to them

http://tinyurl.com/vitapad/

Web tools for pathways

ArrayXPath 

Mapping and visualizing microarray gene-expression data and integrated biological pathway resources using SVG

http://tinyurl.com/ArrayXPath/

GEPAT 

Integrated analysis of transcriptome data in genomic, proteomic and metabolic contexts

http://gepat.sourceforge.net/

iPath 

Web-based tool for the visualization, analysis and customization of pathway maps

http://pathways.embl.de/

Kegg-Based Viewer 

KEGG-based pathway visualization tool for complex high-throughput data

http://www.g-language.org/data/marray/

MapMan 

User-driven tool that displays large datasets onto diagrams of metabolic pathways or other processes

http://mapman.gabipd.org/web/guest/mapman

MetPA 

Analysis and visualization of metabolomic data within the biological context of metabolic pathways

http://metpa.metabolomics.ca

Omics Viewer 

Data mapping on BioCyc pathways (collection of 5500 pathway/genome databases)

http://www.biocyc.org/

Pathway Explorer

Interactive Java drawing tool for the construction of biological pathway diagrams in a visual way and the annotation of the components and interactions between them

http://genome.tugraz.at/pathwayexplorer/pathwayexplorer_description.shtml

Pathway projector 

Zoomable pathway browser using KEGG atlas and Google Maps API

http://www.g-language.org/PathwayProjector/

PATIKA 

Integrated environment composed of a central database and a visual editor, built around an extensive ontology and an integration framework

http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~patikaweb/

Reactome SkyPainter 

Visualization of over-represented pathways and reactions from gene lists

http://www.reactome.org/skypainter-2

WikiPathways

Wiki-based, open, public platform dedicated to the curation of biological pathways by and for the scientific community

http://www.wikipathways.org/

Following are the list of standalone applications for network analysis:

Arena 3D

3D visualization of multi-layer networks

http://www.arena3d.org

Biana

Data integration and network management

http://sbi.imim.es/web/BIANA.php

BioLayout Express 3D 

2D/3D network visualization

http://www.biolayout.org/

BiologicalNetworks 

Efficient integrated multi-level analysis of microarray, sequence, regulatory and other data

http://www.biologicalnetworks.org

BioMiner

Modeling, analyzing and visualizing biochemical pathways and networks

http://www.zbi.uni-saarland.de/chair/projects/BioMiner

Cell Illustrator 

Petri nets for modeling and simulating biological networks

http://www.cellillustrator.com

COPASI

Analysis of biochemical networks and their dynamics

http://www.copasi.org/

Cytoscape 

Network visualization and analysis. Over 200 plugins [60]

http://www.cytoscape.org/

Dizzy

Chemical kinetics stochastic simulation software

http://magnet.systemsbiology.net/software/Dizzy/

DyCoNet

Gephi plugin that can be used to identify dynamic communities in networks

https://github.com/juliemkauffman/DyCoNet

GENeVis 

Network and pathway visualization

http://tinyurl.com/genevis/

GEPHI 

Interactive visualization and exploration for any network and complex system, dynamic and hierarchical graph.

https://gephi.org

Igraph

Collection of network analysis tools with the emphasis on efficiency, portability and ease of use

http://igraph.sourceforge.net

Medusa

Semantic and multi-edged simple networks

https://sites.google.com/site/medusa3visualization/

NAViGaTOR

Visualizing and analyzing protein-protein interaction networks

http://tinyurl.com/navigator1/

N-Browse

Interactive graphical browser for biological networks

http://www.gnetbrowse.org/

NeAT

Topological and clustering analysis of networks

http://rsat.ulb.ac.be/neat/

Ondex 

Data integration and visualization of large networks

http://www.ondex.org/

Osprey

Visualization and annotation of biological networks

http://biodata.mshri.on.ca/osprey/servlet/Index

Pajek 

Analysis and visualization of large networks and social network analysis

http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/

PathwayAssist 

Navigation and analysis of biological pathways, gene regulation networks and protein interaction maps.

http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/downloads/

PIVOT 

Layout algorithms for visualizing protein interactions and families

http://acgt.cs.tau.ac.il/pivot/

ProCope 

Prediction and evaluation of protein complexes from purification data experiments

http://www.bio.ifi.lmu.de/Complexes/ProCope/

ProViz 

Visualization and exploration of interaction networks. Gene Ontology and PSI-MI formats supported

http://cbi.labri.fr/eng/proviz.htm

SpectralNET 

Network analysis and visualizations. Scatter plots and dimensionality reduction algorithms

https://www.broadinstitute.org/software/spectralnet

Tulip 

Enables the development of algorithms, visual encodings, interaction techniques, data models and domain-specific visualizations

http://tulip.labri.fr/TulipDrupal/

VANESA 

Automatic reconstruction and analysis of biological networks and Petri nets based on life-science database information

http://agbi.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/vanesa/

VANTED 

Network reconstruction, data visualization, integration of various data types, network simulation

http://tinyurl.com/vanted/

yEd

Creation of diagrams manually and import external data

http://tinyurl.com/yEdGraph/

Web tools for network analysis

APID 

Unified protein-protein interactions from BIND, BioGRID, DIP, HPRD, IntAct and MINT

http://bioinfow.dep.usal.es/apid/

Arcadia 

Translates text-based descriptions of biological networks (SBML files) into standardized diagrams (Systems Biology Graphical Notation Process Description maps)

http://arcadiapathways.sourceforge.net/

AVIS 

Viewer for signaling networks

http://actin.pharm.mssm.edu/AVIS2

bioPIXIE 

Discovery of biological networks from diverse functional genomic data

http://pixie.princeton.edu/pixie

CellPublisher

Interactive representations of biochemical processes

http://cellpublisher.gobics.de/

Graphle

Distributed network exploration and visualization of interactive large, dense graphs

http://tinyurl.com/graphle/

GraphWeb 

Web server for graph-based analysis of biological networks

http://biit.cs.ut.ee/graphweb/

Hubba

Web-based service to explore the essential nodes in a network

http://hub.iis.sinica.edu.tw/Hubba

NetworkBLAST 

Analysis of protein interaction networks across species to infer protein complexes that are conserved in evolution

http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~bnet/networkblast.htm

Pathview 

Tool set for pathway-based data integration and visualization

http://Pathview.r-forge.r-project.org/

PINA 

Integrated platform for protein interaction network construction, filtering, analysis, visualization and management

http://cbg.garvan.unsw.edu.au/pina/home.do

ReMatch 

Web-based tool for integration of user-given stoichiometric metabolic models into a database collected from public data sources

http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/sysfys/software/rematch/

SNOW 

Gene mapping on a reference or human protein-protein interaction network that SNOW hosts

http://snow.bioinfo.cipf.es

STITCH 

Resource to explore known and predicted interactions of chemicals and proteins

http://stitch.embl.de/

STRING

Protein interaction networks and integration of data such as genomic context, high-throughput experiments, conserved coexpression and previous knowledge derived from the literature

http://string-db.org

TVNViewer 

An interactive visualization tool for exploring networks that change over time or space

http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/main/?page_id=545

tYNA 

System for managing, comparing and mining multiple networks

http://tyna.gersteinlab.org/tyna/

VisANT 

Visualization, mining, analysis and modeling of biological networks, metabolic networks and ecosystems

http://visant.bu.edu/

It installs in any computer even if you don't have administrator rights!

Address of the bookmark: http://www.dnabaser.com/download/DNA-Counter/index.html