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	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/4943?offset=220</link>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/1886/interpretomics</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 11 Aug 2013 10:24:33 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/1886/interpretomics</link>
	<title><![CDATA[InterpretOmics]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>InterpretOmics, a big data analytics startup that focuses on life sciences, has received angel funding of around Rs 10 crore from a group of investors including Singapore's information technology and shipping company, Amarante.</p><p>http://www.interpretomics.co/</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jitendra Narayan</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/2001/the-ontario-institute-for-cancer-research-oicr-genomics-lab-toronto-canada</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 12 Aug 2013 01:43:13 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[The Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR) Genomics Lab , Toronto, Canada.]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>The Human Genome Project led to the development of a wide array of technologies to screen the genome and its products (genes, proteins, metabolites) and molecules that interact with these products (chemicals, RNAi). The existence of these tools resulted in the creation of facilities that use robotics and informatics to generate high-throughput screens of DNA, RNA, protein, tissue, chemicals and other substances.</p>

<p>The genomics platform uses cancer genome sequencing and other high-throughput techniques to identify genes critical to the development of cancer and anomalies in the genomic profile of the tumours.</p>

<p>For more info visit : http://oicr.on.ca/</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/7674/useful-publications-and-websites-for-deep-sequencing-data-analysis</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 29 Dec 2013 22:30:45 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/pages/view/7674/useful-publications-and-websites-for-deep-sequencing-data-analysis</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Useful Publications and Websites for Deep Sequencing Data Analysis]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<h3>Global overview papers</h3><p>Next generation quantitative genetics in plants. Jim&eacute;nez-G&oacute;mez, Frontiers in Plant Science 2:77, 2011 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/Plant_Physiology/10.3389/fpls.2011.00077/full">Full Text</a> </span><em>[equally relevant to animal and microbial systems]</em></p><p>Sense from sequence reads: methods for alignment and assembly. Flicek &amp; Birney, Nat Methods 6(11 Suppl):S6-S12, 2009. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n11s/full/nmeth.1376.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><h3>Library construction and experimental design</h3><p>Statistical design and analysis of RNA sequencing data. Auer &amp; Doerge, Genetics 185(2):405-16, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2881125"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Biases in Illumina transcriptome sequencing caused by random hexamer priming. Hansen et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 38(12): e131, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896536"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Analyzing and minimizing PCR amplification bias in Illumina sequencing libraries. Aird et al, Genome Biology 12:R18, 2011 <a href="http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/2/R18"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Amplification-free Illumina sequencing-library preparation facilitates improved mapping and assembly of GC-biased genomes. Kozarewa et al, Nature Methods 6(4):291-5, 2009 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664327/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture. Rohland &amp; Reich, Genome Research 22(5): 939&ndash;946. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337438/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><h3>Data formats, data management, and alignment software tools<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></h3><p>The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Li et al, Bioinformatics 25(16):2078-9, 2009 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723002"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>SAM format specification <a href="http://samtools.sourceforge.net/SAM1.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">file</span></a></p><p>Efficient storage of high throughput sequencing data using reference-based compression. Fritz et al, Genome Res 21(5):734-40, 2011. <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/21/5/734.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Compression of DNA sequence reads in FASTQ format. Deorowicz &amp; Grabowski, Bioinformatics 27(6):860-2, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252073"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a></p><p>Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Li &amp; Durbin, Bioinformatics 25(14):1754-60, 2009. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705234"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Improving SNP discovery by base alignment quality. Li H, Bioinformatics 27(8):1157-8, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21320865"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a></p><p>BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Quinlan and Hall, Bioinformatics 26:841-842, 2010. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/6/841.full.pdf+html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Publisher Website</span></a></p><h3>Data quality assessment, filtering, and correction</h3><p>SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data. Cox et al, BMC Bioinformatics 11:485, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956736"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>TileQC: a system for tile-based quality control of Solexa data. Dolan &amp; Denver, BMC Bioinformatics 9:250, 2008 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443380"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a> <em>[requires a reference sequence]</em></p><p>Quake: quality-aware detection and correction of sequencing errors. Kelley et al, Genome Biol 11(11):R116, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114842"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a></p><p>FastQC: a quality control tool for high-throughput sequence data. <a href="http://www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Home Page</span></a></p><p>FASTX-toolkit: FASTQ/A short-reads pre-processing tools <a href="http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Home Page</span></a></p><p>Reference-free validation of short read data. Schr&ouml;der et al, PLoS One 5(9):e12681, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943903"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Correction of sequencing errors in a mixed set of reads. Salmela, Bioinformatics 26(10):1284, 2010. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/10/1284.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a> <em>[includes error correction of SOLiD reads in colorspace]</em></p><p>Repeat-aware modeling and correction of short read errors. Yang et al, BMC Bioinformatics 12(Supp1):S52, 2011 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044310"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a> <em>[requires a reference sequence]</em></p><p>HiTEC: accurate error correction in high-throughput sequencing data. Ilie et al, Bioinformatics 27(3):295, 2011 <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/3/295.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Error correction of high-throughput sequencing datasets with non-uniform coverage. Medvedev et al., Bioinformatics 27(13):i137-41, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117386"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><h3>De novo assembly<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></h3><p>Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs. Zerbino &amp; Birney, Genome Res 18(5):821-9, 2008. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336801">u&gt;PubMedCentral</a></p><p>Assembly of large genomes using second-generation sequencing. Schatz et al, Genome Res 20(9):1165-73, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928494"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>High-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively parallel sequence data. Gnerre et al, PNAS 108(4): 1513-18, 2011 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029755"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Genome assembly has a major impact on gene content: a comparison of annotation in two <em>Bos taurus </em> assemblies. Florea&nbsp; et al., PLoS One 6(6):e21400, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120881/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Artemis: an integrated platform for visualization and analysis of high-throughput sequence-based experimental data. Carver et al, Bioinformatics 28(4):464 - 469, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278759/">PubMedCentral</a></span></p><p>Efficient de novo assembly of large genomes using compressed data structures. Simpson &amp; Durbin, Genome Research 22:549-556, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/22/3/549.full">Full Text</a></span> <em>[Describes the String Graph Assembler (SGA), which assembled a human genome in less than 6 days using 54 Gb of RAM and a 123-processor compute cluster for calculation of an FM-index of the 1.2 billion reads]</em></p><p>Readjoiner: a fast and memory efficient string graph-based sequence assembler. Gonnella &amp; Kurtz, BMC Bioinformatics 13: 82, 2012 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507659"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Assemblathon 1: A competitive assessment of de novo short read assembly methods. Earl et al, Genome Research 21:2224-2241, 2011 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/09/16/gr.126599.111.full.pdf+html">Full Text</a></span></p><h3>Chromatin immunoprecipation analysis: ChIP-seq</h3><p>ChIP-seq: advantages and challenges of a maturing technology. Park, Nat Rev Genet. 10:669-80, 2009 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191340/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a></p><p>ChIP-seq and Beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein-DNA interactions. Furey, Nat Rev Genet 13: 840&ndash;852, 2012 <a href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v13/n12/full/nrg3306.html"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Publisher Web Site</span></a></p><p>MuMoD: a Bayesian approach to detect multiple modes of protein&ndash;DNA binding from genome-wide ChIP data. Narlikar, Nucleic Acids Res 41:21&ndash;32, 2013 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3592440/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a></p><h3>Transcriptome analysis</h3><h3>Assembly and comparison to genome</h3><p>Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Grabherr et al, Nature Biotechnology 29:644 - 652, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21572440"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a> <em>[The software is called <a href="http://trinityrnaseq.sourceforge.net/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Trinity</span></a>, and is available on Sourceforge.]</em></p><p>Comprehensive analysis of RNA-Seq data reveals extensive RNA editing in a human transcriptome. Peng et al, Nature Biotechnology 30:253 - 260, 2012. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327324">PubMed</a></span> <em>[Several comments on this paper question whether the reported differences are in fact evidence of editing or are simply sequencing errors - the authors stand by their conclusions, but the controversy demonstrates the importance of robust data analysis methods.] </em></p><p>Optimization of de novo transcriptome assembly from next-generation sequencing data. Surget-Groba &amp; Montoya-Burgos, Genome Res 20(10):1432-40, 2010. <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/10/1432.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Rnnotator: an automated <em>de novo</em> transcriptome assembly pipeline from stranded RNA-Seq reads. Martin et al, BMC Genomics 11:663, 2010 <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/11/663"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p><em>De novo</em> assembly and analysis of RNA-seq data. Robertson et al, Nature Methods 7:909-912, 2010 <a href="http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n11/full/nmeth.1517.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a> <em>[describes Trans-ABySS, a pipeline to use the ABySS parallel assembler for de novo transcriptome analysis]</em></p><h3>Differential expression analysis</h3><p>R-SAP: a multi-threading computational pipeline for the characterization of high-throughput RNA-sequencing data. Mittal &amp; McDonald, Nucleic Acids Res, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/28/nar.gks047.long">Full Text</a></span></p><p>Targeted RNA sequencing reveals the deep complexity of the human transcriptome. Mercer et al, Nature Biotechnology 30:99 - 104, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v30/n1/full/nbt.2024.html"> Publisher Website</a></span></p><p>Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-Seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks. Trapnell et al, Nature Protocols 7:562 - 578, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v7/n3/full/nprot.2012.016.html"> Publisher Website</a></span></p><p>Characterization and improvement of RNA-Seq precision in quantitative transcript expression profiling. Łabaj et al, Bioinformatics 27:i383 - i391, 2011 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/13/i383.full.pdf+html"> Full Text</a></span></p><p>Improving RNA-Seq expression estimates by correcting for fragment bias. Roberts et al, Genome Biol 12:R22, 2011 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129672/">PubMed Central</a></span></p><p>Cloud-scale RNA-sequencing differential expression analysis with Myrna. Langmead et al, Genome Biol 11:R83, 2010 <a href="http://genomebiology.com/2010/11/8/R83"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>From RNA-seq reads to differential expression results. Oshlack et al, Genome Biol 11(12):220, 2010 <a href="http://genomebiology.com/content/11/12/220"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>DEGseq: an R package for identifying differentially expressed genes from RNA-seq data. Wang et al., Bioinformatics. 26(1):136-8. 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19855105"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> PubMed</span></a></p><p>DEseq: Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Anders and Huber, Genome Biology 11:R106, 2010 <a href="http://genomebiology.com/2010/11/10/R106"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Robinson et al., Bioinformatics 26(1):139-40 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796818"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Two-stage Poisson model for testing RNA-seq data. Auer and Doerge, SAGMB 10(1), article 26 <a href="http://www.bepress.com/sagmb/vol10/iss1/art26/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Experimental design, preprocessing, normalization and differential expression analysis of small RNA sequencing experiments. McCormick et al., Silence2(1):2, 2011 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055805"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>RNA-Seq gene expression estimation with read mapping uncertainty. Li et al, Bioinformatics 26:493-500, 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2820677">PubMedCentral</a> <em>[describes the RSEM software package]</em></p><h3>Comparing genomes and assemblies; variant detection<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></h3><p>Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Kurtz et al, Genome Biol (5(2):R12, 2004. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395750"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a> <em>[describes the MUMmer software for full-genome alignment &amp; comparisons]</em></p><p>Searching for SNPs with cloud computing. Langmead et al, Genome Biol 10(11):R134, 2009 <a href="http://genomebiology.com/content/10/11/R134"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Calling SNPs without a reference sequence. Ratan et al, BMC Bioinformatics 11:130, 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851604"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Microindel detection in short-read sequence data. Krawitz et al, Bioinformatics 26(6):722-9, 2010. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/6/722.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>vipR: variant identification in pooled DNA using R. Altmann et al., Bioinformatics 27: i77-i84, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117388"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Geoseq: a tool for dissecting deep-sequencing datasets. Gurtowski et al, BMC Bioinformatics 11:506, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2972303/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a> <em>[Geoseq is a web service that allows searching deep sequencing datasets with a reference sequence of a gene of interest]</em></p><p>Detecting and annotating genetic variations using the HugeSeq pipeline. Lam et al, Nature Biotechnology 30:226 - 229, 2012 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v30/n3/full/nbt.2134.html">Publisher Website</a></span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://hugeseq.snyderlab.org/">Home Page</a></span></p><p>Genome-wide LORE1 retrotransposon mutagenesis and high-throughput insertion detection in <em>Lotus japonicus</em>. Urbański et al, Plant J 64:731-741, 2012. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04827.x/abstract">Publisher Website</a></span> <em>[This paper describes a 2-dimensional pooling strategy with barcoding to allow use of Illumina sequencing to screen for retrotransposon insertion mutations, and includes a software package called FSTpoolit for analysis of the resulting sequence reads.]</em></p><h3>Genotyping by sequencing</h3><p>Genome-wide genetic marker discovery and genotyping using next-generation sequencing. Davey et al., Nat Rev Genet 12(7):499-510, 2011 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681211"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMed</span></a> <em>[A review of methods available at the time]</em></p><p>A robust, simple genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach for high diversity species. Elshire et al., PLoS One 6(5):e19379, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087801"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Development of high-density genetic maps for barley and wheat using a novel two-enzyme genotyping-by-sequencing approach. Poland et al., PLoS One 7(2): e32253, 2012. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3289635/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Double digest RADseq: an inexpensive method for de novo SNP discovery and genotyping in model and non-model species. Peterson et al, PLoS One 7(5):e37135, . 2012. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3365034/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Imputation of unordered markers and the impact on genomic selection accuracy. Rutkowski et al, G3 3(3):427-39, 2013. <a href="http://www.g3journal.org/content/3/3/427.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and next-generation sequencing combined: genome-wide, high-throughput, highly informative genotyping for molecular breeding of <em>Eucalyptus</em>. Sansaloni et al., BMC Proceedings 5(Suppl 7):P54, 2011 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1753-6561/5/S7/P54">Full Text</a></span></p><p>High-throughput genotyping by whole-genome resequencing. Huang et al., Genome Res 19(6):1068-76, 2009. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694477"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Multiplexed shotgun genotyping for rapid and efficient genetic mapping. Andolfatto et al. Genome Res 21(4):610-7, 2011. <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/21/4/610.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><h3>Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) markers</h3><p>Rapid SNP discovery and genetic mapping using sequenced RAD markers. Baird et al, PLoS One 3(10):e3376, 2008 <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003376">Full Text</a></span></p><p>Linkage mapping and comparative genomics using next-generation RAD sequencing of a non-model organism. Baxter et al., PLoS One 6(4):e19315, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3082572"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Genome evolution and meiotic maps by massively parallel DNA sequencing: spotted gar, an outgroup for the teleost genome duplication. Amores et al, Genetics 188(4):799-808, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21828280"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> PubMed</span></a></p><p>Construction and application for QTL analysis of a Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) linkage map in barley. Chutimanitsakun et al, BMC Genomics 4; 12:4, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023751"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>RAD tag sequencing as a source of SNP markers in <em>Cynara cardunculus </em>L. Scaglione et al., BMC Genomics 13:3, 2012. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/3">Full Text</a></span></p><p>Paired-end RAD-seq for de novo assembly and marker design without available reference. Willing et al., Bioinformatics 27(16):2187-93, 2011. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/16/2187.long"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Publisher Website</span></a></p><p>Local de novo assembly of RAD paired-end contigs using short sequencing reads. Etter et al., PLOS ONE 6(4): e18561, 2011. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018561"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>Stacks: building and genotyping loci de novo from short-read sequences. Catchen et al., G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 1:171-182, 2011. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Full Text</span>, <a href="http://creskolab.uoregon.edu/stacks/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Home Page</span></a></p><p>Rainbow: an integrated tool for efficient clustering and assembling RAD-seq reads. Chong et al, Bioinformatics 28(21):2732-7, 2012. <a href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/21/2732.long"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Publisher Website</span></a></p><p>UK RAD Sequencing Wiki page, with bibliography and RADTools software download <a href="https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/RADSequencing/Home"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Home Page</span></a></p><h3>Workspace environments</h3><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Papers</span></p><p>Galaxy: a comprehensive approach for supporting accessible, reproducible, and transparent computational research in the life sciences. Goecks et al, Genome Biol 11(8):R86, 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945788"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>Galaxy Cloudman: Delivering compute clusters. BMC Bioinformatics 11(Suppl. 12):S4, 2010 <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2105-11-S12-S4.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsa/wiki/index.php/The_Genome_Analysis_Toolkit"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Genome Analysis Toolkit</span></a>: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. McKenna et al, Genome Res 20(9):1297-303, 2010. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928508"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PubMedCentral</span></a></p><p>A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. DePristo et al., Nat Genet 43(5):491-8, 2011. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478889"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> PubMed</span></a></p><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Online resources</span></p><p>The <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">R statistical computing</span></a> environment includes<a href="http://www.bioconductor.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Bioconductor</span></a>, a specialized set of tools for analysis of microarray and high-throughput sequencing data. Introductory materials from on-line or short workshops are widely available online; examples are <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/Evomics2012/Bioconductor-tutorial.pdf">Evomics2012 Bioconductor-tutorial.pdf</a></span>, and <a href="http://bcb.dfci.harvard.edu/%7Eaedin/courses/Bioconductor/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Intro to Bioconductor</span></a>. Materials from an advanced course on high-throughput genetic data analysis are at <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/SeattleFeb2012/">Seattle 2012 materials</a></span>. Thomas Girke of UC-Riverside has written a very complete set of manuals describing the use of R and Bioconductor for analysis of genomic datasets, available at <a href="http://manuals.bioinformatics.ucr.edu/home/R_BioCondManual">R and Bioconductor Manuals</a>. <br /> <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/manuals.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manuals</span></a> and contributed <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/other-docs.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">documentation</span></a> for R are available at the R-project.org website, and video tutorials are also available on Youtube; those posted by Tutorlol are brief, clear, and to the point. <br /> Materials from a series of mini-courses in R taught in 2010 at UCLA are available:</p><ul>
<li><a href="http://scc.stat.ucla.edu/page_attachments/0000/0141/10S-basicR.pdf">Intro to programming and graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scc.stat.ucla.edu/page_attachments/0000/0143/S10_RProgII.pdf">Data manipulation and functions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scc.stat.ucla.edu/page_attachments/0000/0185/Graphics_course.pdf">Graphics for exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scc.stat.ucla.edu/page_attachments/0000/0147/20100503_IntroStats.pdf">Introductory statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://scc.stat.ucla.edu/page_attachments/0000/0188/reg_R_1_09S_slides.pdf">Linear regression</a></li>
</ul><p><a href="http://a-little-book-of-r-for-bioinformatics.readthedocs.org/en/latest/"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">A Little Book of R for Bioinformatics</span></a> is an on-line resource with information and exercises to provide practice in bioinformatics analysis of DNA sequences and other biological data in R. <br /> Many books on specific topics in R programming are also available through Amazon or other vendors.</p><h3>Cloud computing resources</h3><p>The case for cloud computing in genome informatics. Lincoln Stein, Genome Biol. 11(5):207, 2010 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20441614"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pubmed</span></a></p><p>Galaxy Cloudman: delivering cloud compute clusters. Afgan et al, BMC Bioinformatics <span style="text-decoration: underline;">11</span>(Suppl 12):S4, 2010 <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/S12/S4"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p><a href="http://cloudbiolinux.com/">CloudBioLinux</a> is an open-source project that provides a bioinformatics Linux system for cloud computing, pre-configured with a variety of software tools installed and ready to use.</p><p>A <a href="https://github.com/chapmanb/cloudbiolinux/blob/master/doc/intro/gettingStarted_CloudBioLinux.pdf?raw=true"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">tutorial</span></a> on getting started with CloudBioLinux on the Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)</p><p><a href="http://userwww.service.emory.edu/%7Eeafgan/content/ppt/EnisAfgan_BOSC_2010.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Deploying Galaxy on the Cloud</span></a>  slides from a presentation by Enis Afgan (Emory University) at the <br /> &nbsp;Bioinformatics Open Source Conference in Boston, July 2010</p><p>A <a href="http://screencast.g2.bx.psu.edu/cloud/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> screencast</span></a> that provides a step-by-step guide to starting a Galaxy cluster in the EC2 environment</p><p>A <a href="https://bitbucket.org/galaxy/galaxy-central/wiki/cloud"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">webpage</span></a> that has the same information in text form, and is the basis for the screencast</p><p>The iPlant Collaborative, an NSF-funded project to create computational resources for plant biology research, provides access to cloud computing resources through <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.iplantcollaborative.org/discover/atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></span></p><p>SeqWare Query Engine: storing and searching sequence data in the cloud. OConnor et al, BMC Bioinformatics <strong>11</strong>(Suppl 12)<strong>:</strong>S2, 2010 <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/S12/S2"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>An overview of the Hadoop/MapReduce/HBase framework and its current applications in bioinformatics. Taylor, BMC Bioinformatics <strong>11</strong>(Suppl 12)<strong>:</strong>S1, 2010 <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/S12/S1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><h3>Links to Linux command-line tutorials and resources</h3><p>Tutorials for AWK, a powerful tool for handling data tables</p><ul>
<li>A set of <a href="http://people.bu.edu/scottm/AWK.NOTES"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">awk notes</span></a> from Boston University</li>
<li>Bruce Barnett's <a href="http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Awk.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">awk tutorial</span></a></li>
<li>Greg Goebel's <a href="http://www.vectorsite.net/tsawk.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">awk tutorial</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://teaching.software-carpentry.org/2013/01/16/1433/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Executing an awk command from R</span></a> to simplify data exploratory analysis, from Lex Nederbragt</li>
</ul><p>Tutorials for bash shell scripting</p><ul>
<li>A <a href="http://www.linuxconfig.org/bash-scripting-tutorial"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">tutorial</span></a> at linuxconfig.org</li>
<li>A <a href="http://www.hypexr.org/bash_tutorial.php"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Getting Started With Bash</span></a> tutorial at hypexr.org</li>
<li>Mendel Cooper's <a href="http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Advanced Bash Shell-Scripting Guide</span></a></li>
</ul><p>Tutorials for sed, the command-line stream editor</p><ul>
<li>A <a href="http://www.panix.com/%7Eelflord/unix/sed.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">tutorial</span></a> at Rutgers</li>
<li>Peteris Krumins claims to have the <a href="http://www.catonmat.net/blog/worlds-best-introduction-to-sed/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> World's Best Introduction to Sed</span></a>; take a look and judge for yourself.</li>
<li>Bruce Barnett's <a href="http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Sed.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">sed tutorial</span></a>.</li>
</ul><h3>Links to other useful sites</h3><p>The<a href="http://seqanswers.com/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> SEQanswers</span></a> online community has forums on several topics related to sequencing; the bioinformatics forum is the most active.</p><p>The SEQanswers <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://seqanswers.com/wiki/Software">Software Wiki</a></span> is a list of software for analysis of sequencing data</p><p><a href="http://biostar.stackexchange.com/">Biostar</a> is another online community for questions and answers on bioinformatics and computational genomics.</p><p>Information on file formats used by the University of California - Santa Cruz Genome Browser is on the <a href="http://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> FAQ list</span></a></p><p>A manual for the Integrated Genome Browser visualization tool is <a href="http://wiki.transvar.org/confluence/display/igbman/Home"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">here</span></a></p><p>Course materials for a short course entitled <a href="http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2010/SeattleIntro/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Introduction to R and Bioconductor</span></a>, held in Seattle in Dec 2010</p><p><a href="http://great.stanford.edu/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool</span></a> - A web service to test for over-representation of specific ontology categories among genes near ChIP-seq peaks</p><p><a href="http://www.animalgenome.org/bioinfo/resources/nextgensoft.html"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Next-gen-seq software</span></a> - a list of software packages, both commercial and open-source, related to analysis of deep sequencing datasets</p><p><a href="http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Software</span></a> from the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland - many useful programs, all open-source</p><p><a href="http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/plaza/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> PLAZA</span></a>: a comparative genomics resource to study gene and genome evolution in plants; described by Proost et al, Plant Cell 21:3718, 2010 <a href="http://www.plantcell.org/content/21/12/3718.full"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Full Text</span></a></p><p>The European Bioinformatics Institute provides tools <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/rcloud/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">ArrayExpressHTS</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> and R-Cloud</span></a> for analysis of transcriptome data</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Rahul Nayak</dc:creator>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/3964/what-is-life-a-21st-century-perspective-by-dr-craig-venter</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2013 17:09:17 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/3964/what-is-life-a-21st-century-perspective-by-dr-craig-venter</link>
	<title><![CDATA['What is Life? A 21st Century Perspective' by Dr Craig Venter]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<iframe width="" height="" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/qi2MhsUSu0U" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>One of the landmark events of 20th century science was celebrated and reinterpreted for the 21st century in Trinity College Dublin on 12 July 2012 as part of the Science in the City programme of ESOF2012. Dr Craig Venter, one of the leaders of the Human Genome Project in the 1990s and a pioneer of synthetic biology delivered a lecture entitled, 'What is Life? A 21st century perspective' recreating the Irish event that inspired the discovery of the structure of DNA. 

In February, 1943 one of the most distinguished scientists of the 20th Century, Erwin Schrödinger, delivered a seminal lecture, entitled 'What is Life?', under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, in Trinity College Dublin. The lecture presented far-sighted ideas on how hereditary information could be encoded in a chemical structure (aperiodic crystal) in living cells. Schrödinger's book (1944) of the same title is considered to be a scientific classic. The book was cited by Crick and Watson as one of the inspirations which ultimately led them to unravel the structure of DNA in 1953, a breakthrough which won them the Nobel prize.]]></description>
	
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/4657/giovanni-parmigiani-lab</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2013 13:21:41 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Giovanni Parmigiani Lab]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Scientific Interests:</p>

<p>Models and software for predicting who is at risk of carrying genetic variants that confer susceptibility to cancer. Application to breast, ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic and skin cancer.</p>

<p>Statistical methods for the analysis of high throughput genomic data: analysis of cancer genome sequencing projects; integration of genomic information across technologies; cross-study validation of genomics results.</p>

<p>Statistical methods for comparative effectiveness research: comprehensive models for lifetime history of chronic disease outcomes; Bayesian meta-analysis; Bayesian causal inference; decision analysis.</p>

<p>Bayesian modeling and computation: multilevel models; decision theoretic approaches to inference; sequential experimental design and their application to adaptive and multistage studies in clinical and epidemiological research.</p>

<p>http://bcb.dfci.harvard.edu/~gp/index.html</p>

<p>http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=OlpYP3UAAAAJ&amp;hl=en</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/4959/evolution-and-cancer</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 27 Sep 2013 11:28:49 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/4959/evolution-and-cancer</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Evolution and Cancer]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<iframe width="" height="" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/j3uKOcNwYBw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Air date:  Wednesday, January 04, 2012, 3:00:00 PM
Time displayed is Eastern Time, Washington DC Local  
 
Category:  Wednesday Afternoon Lectures  
Description:  There is a broad consensus that cancer is the result of somatic cells having serially gained, by a series of mutations, the ability to grow independently, to recruit resources from the circulation and the stroma, to invade local tissues, and to found anatomically distant metastases, ultimately killing the host. From the point of view of the cancer-causing somatic cell population, this is evolution driven by mutation and selection. Genomics has resulted in a parallel consensus that the central functions of all eukaryotes are highly conserved, not only at the level of individual protein functions, but also complex biological pathways and systems. These ideas motivated a comparison between results of molecular genetic studies of experimental evolution in yeast and the molecular genetic phenomena associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We find some very striking similarities, including recurring genomic rearrangements, alterations of the regulation of specific growth-promoting genes, population-genetic features that affect the fitness trajectories of growth rate variants in evolving populations, and physiological and metabolic similarities derived from the conservation of the basic plan of growth and cell multiplication among all eukaryotes. It is hoped that some of the insights from yeast will aid the interpretation of sequence changes found in tumors, especially in the urgent necessity to distinguish 'driver' from 'passenger' mutations." 

David Botstein's fundamental contributions to modern genetics include the development of genetic methods for understanding biological functions and the discovery of the functions of many yeast and bacterial genes. In 1980, Botstein and three colleagues proposed a method for mapping human genes that laid the groundwork for the Human Genome Project. The basic principle of the mapping scheme was to develop, by recombinant DNA techniques, random single-copy DNA probes capable of detecting DNA sequence polymorphisms when hybridized to restriction digests, or specific fragments, of an individual's DNA. The method was used in subsequent years to identify several human disease genes, such as Huntington's and BRCA1. Variations of this method enabled the sequencing phase of the Human Genome Project. 

In the 1990s Botstein, having moved to Stanford University School of Medicine, collaborated with Patrick O. Brown of Stanford in exploiting DNA microarrays to study genome-wide gene expression patterns in yeast and in human cancers. This required developing a new statistical method and graphical interface, widely used today to interpret genomic data. Botstein also has helped to create, with Michael Ashburner and Gerald Rubin, a bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species, called Gene Ontology. He graduated from Harvard College and earned his doctorate from the University of Michigan. He worked at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1967 to 1988; served as vice president for science at Genentech from 1988 to 1990; chaired the Department of Genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine from 1990 to 2003; and joined the Princeton University faculty in 2003. He has sat on numerous editorial boards and was the founding editor of Molecular Biology of the Cell. Among recent major awards, Bostein won the Peter Gruber Foundation Prize in Genetics in 2003, the Apple Science Innovator Award in 2008, and the Albany Medical Center Prize in 2010. 

The NIH Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series includes weekly scientific talks by some of the top researchers in the biomedical sciences worldwide. 

For more information, visit: The NIH Director's Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series  
Author:  Dr. David Botstein, Princeton University  
Runtime:  00:59:58  

Permanent link:  http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17046]]></description>
	
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/5623/yau-group</guid>
  <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2013 13:05:15 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Yau Group]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>Yau Group are a new research group based at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and the Department of Statistics at the University of Oxford.</p>

<p>Yau Group develops statistical and computational methods for the analysis of genomic datasets with a particular interest in cancer sequencing applications and the use of Bayesian Statistics.</p>

<p>Yau Group are currently have projects in somatic mutation analysis of heterogeneous cancers, data fusion or integration techniques and single cell genomics.</p>

<p>More @ http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/~cyau/index.html</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/6052/university-of-california-irvine-center-for-complex-biological-systems</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 04 Nov 2013 17:10:29 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/videolist/watch/6052/university-of-california-irvine-center-for-complex-biological-systems</link>
	<title><![CDATA[University of California, Irvine - Center for Complex Biological Systems]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<iframe width="" height="" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/chPJ6OdVl4o" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>The University of California Irvine's Center for Complex Biological Systems got its start just as there was a revolution in biology. Systems Biology requires that scientists work across many disciplines including engineering, physics and mathematics. The Center specializes in helping form the kinds of teams that will propel biological research into the future. It is also proud to be able to train students in the new interdisciplinary approach.

http://ccbs.uci.edu]]></description>
	
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/7816/boku-lab</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jan 2014 19:33:12 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[BOKU Lab]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>We are interested in the study of complex systems in living organisms. Novel views augmenting the classical gene by gene approaches are required to overcome the engineered redundancies and combinatorial effects prevalent in higher eukaryotes. We therefore combine work to establish improved quantitative experimental assays, such as microarrays or differential in-gel electrophoresis, and development of modern computational methods, such as hierarchical probabilistic models or integration of heterogeneous data sources, focussed by biological studies in our laboratory and collaborations.</p>

<p>Highlights of our research include:</p>

<p>    Optimization of microarray design, probe signal interpretation <br />    Advanced models and tools for expression profiling<br />    State-of-the-art applications and integrated analyses </p>

<p>Lab page @ http://bioinf.boku.ac.at/</p>
]]></description>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/7568/oldest-hominin-dna-sequenced</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 27 Dec 2013 19:58:31 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/news/view/7568/oldest-hominin-dna-sequenced</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Oldest Hominin DNA Sequenced]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Matthias Meyer and his team from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, have developed new techniques for retrieving and sequencing highly degraded ancient DNA. They then joined forces with Juan-Luis Arsuaga and applied the new techniques to a cave bear from the Sima de los Huesos site. After this success, the researchers sampled two grams of bone powder from a hominin thigh bone from the cave. They extracted its DNA and sequenced the genome of the mitochondria or mtDNA, a small part of the genome that is passed down along the maternal line and occurs in many copies per cell. The researchers then compared this ancient mitochondrial DNA with Neandertals, Denisovans, present-day humans, and apes.<br /><br />From the missing mutations in the old DNA sequences the researchers calculated that the Sima hominin lived about 400,000 years ago. They also found that it shared a common ancestor with the Denisovans, an extinct archaic group from Asia related to the Neandertals, about 700,000 years ago. "The fact that the mtDNA of the Sima de los Huesos hominin shares a common ancestor with Denisovan rather than Neandertal mtDNAs is unexpected since its skeletal remains carry Neandertal-derived features," says Matthias Meyer. Considering their age and Neandertal-like features, the Sima hominins were likely related to the population ancestral to both Neandertals and Denisovans. Another possibility is that gene flow from yet another group of hominins brought the Denisova-like mtDNA into the Sima hominins or their ancestors.<br /><br /></p><p>Reference</p><p>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131204132018.htm</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Surajeet</dc:creator>
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