The University of Idaho is in Moscow, a small college town located in
Northern Idaho on the Washington border. Moscow is widely considered to
be a great place to live, and it's known for a pleasant downtown, active
farmer's market, and nearby recreational opportunities. All of Moscow
is within biking or walking distance of the University of Idaho. For
more information about Moscow, see https://visitmoscowid.com/.

The University of Idaho has very strong faculty in evolution and
genomics in multiple departments and interdisciplinary programs. Of
particular note are the Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Program (BCB: https://www.uidaho.edu/sci/bcb/people/faculty) and
the Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST:
https://www.ibest.uidaho.edu/index.php). In addition, the University of
Idaho is only eight miles from Washington State University in Pullman, and
faculty from the two institutions interact and collaborate extensively.

Minimum qualifications include: a Ph.D. in biological sciences,
bioinformatics, or a related discipline; experience conducting research
in genomics or evolutionary biology, as evidenced by publications
in peer-reviewed journals; and evidence of strong written and oral
communication skills. Experience analyzing next-generation sequence
data and familiarity with the genomics of marine fishes are desirable
but not required.

Apply at: https://uidaho.peopleadmin.com/postings/30003

Review of applications will begin January 15, 2021. The start date
is flexible.

The University of Idaho is an equal opportunity/Affirmative Action/equal
access employer.

Informal inquiries are encouraged and can be directed to Adam Jones
(adamjones@uidaho.edu).

"adamjones@uidaho.edu"

Compare structural and functional annotations of proteins between sequenced genomes.

Research topic: Protein function annotation, multiple probabilistic models, domain architecture, machine learning, combinatorial optimization, computer grid.

This project is run on the Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative UMR7238 CNRS-UPMC – Analytical Genomics team, headed by A.Carbone. It is co-advised with Pierre-Henri Wuillemin, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris 6 – Equipe DECISION.

The postdoc will be payed under a contract of Ingénieur de Recherche lasting 3.5 years and it is available from September 1st, 2014.

Group Web Page: http://www.lcqb.upmc.fr/AnalGenom/home.html

Ref. E-Mail: Alessandra Carbone alessandra.carbone@lip6.fr

Why Normalize RNA-Seq Data?

Normalization is a crucial step in RNA-Seq analysis for the following reasons:

• Sequencing depth: Different RNA-Seq experiments produce varying numbers of reads, making direct comparisons between samples misleading.

• Gene length: Longer genes inherently generate more reads, irrespective of their actual expression level.

• Bias reduction: Normalization mitigates technical biases, enabling meaningful biological interpretation.

TPM (Transcripts Per Million)

TPM measures the proportion of reads mapped to a transcript, normalized by transcript length and sequencing depth. It is calculated as:

Key Features:

1. Proportionality: TPM values sum to 1,000,000 across all transcripts in a sample, making it easier to compare between samples.

2. Intuitive interpretation: TPM values directly represent the abundance of transcripts in a sample.

3. Preferred for comparisons: TPM facilitates between-sample comparisons better than FPKM.

FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million)

FPKM normalizes read counts by transcript length and sequencing depth, but without enforcing proportionality like TPM. It is defined as:

Key Features:

1. Historical significance: FPKM was one of the first normalization methods used for RNA-Seq.

2. Single-end vs. paired-end: In paired-end sequencing, FPKM becomes RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase Million).

3. Limited utility: FPKM values are not as robust as TPM for cross-sample comparisons due to lack of proportionality.

CPM (Counts Per Million)

CPM normalizes raw read counts by sequencing depth, without considering gene length. It is expressed as:

Key Features:

1. Simplicity: CPM is straightforward and computationally less intensive.

2. Application: Suitable for non-length-dependent analyses, such as comparing total expression levels or differential expression analysis.

3. Gene length agnostic: CPM does not correct for gene length, making it less ideal for measuring expression levels.

When to Use Each Method

• TPM: Best for comparing expression levels between samples, especially when transcript length and sequencing depth vary.

• FPKM: Useful for historical consistency but generally replaced by TPM.

• CPM: Ideal for differential expression analysis when gene length normalization is unnecessary.

Conclusion

Choosing the right normalization method depends on the specific objectives of your RNA-Seq analysis. TPM’s proportionality and robustness make it the preferred choice for most applications, while CPM serves well for differential expression studies. Although FPKM paved the way for RNA-Seq normalization, it has largely been supplanted by TPM in modern workflows. Understanding these methods and their nuances ensures accurate and meaningful interpretations of RNA-Seq data.

References:

1. Li, B., & Dewey, C. N. (2011). RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics.

2. Trapnell, C., et al. (2010). Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nature Biotechnology.

3. Law, C. W., et al. (2014). voom: precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts. Genome Biology.

About JNIAS
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), Hyderabad has been established by Dr. D. Swaminadhan Research Foundation (DSRF), Hyderabad as a Research and Educational Institution with a view to contribute in developing advanced technologies and build „core competence‟ in specific areas. The activities of JNIAS involves: Education, Research Training and Innovations in the fields of Sciences, Technologies, Humanities and Social Sciences. It aims to blossom into an Advanced Institute of education and research with a reservoir of expertise and experience in the relevant fields and the necessary capability to harness multi-disciplinary research and studies. JNIAS has been recognized as an Advanced Research Institute by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH), Hyderabad and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur (JNTUA), for offering Ph.D., P.G M.Phil, P.G Diploma and Training Programmes in Sciences and Engineering & Technology.

Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University (JNAFAU) Hyderabad also recognized JNIAS for offering UG, PG degree in Architecture.

Projects & Facilities

JNIAS offers wide range of projects:

Biotechnology area:

Molecular Biology
Microbiology
Nanotechnology
Bioinformatics (Schrodinger Software)
In Silico studies & Drug Designing
Sequence analysis
Protein structure function studies

Registration
Tuition Fees: Interested students need to pay the following tuition fees:
1. Six Month’s Project: Rs. 20,000/-
2. Four Month’s Project: Rs. 15,000/-
3. Three Month’s Project: Rs. 10,000/-
4. One Month - Hands on Training : Rs. 8,000/-

For enquires call:
91-7893203414 (Biotechnology), 91-9949582263 (Environmental Sciences) 91-8977369305 (Computer Science)

Interested student may download the application from the website (www.jnias.in) and send the hard copy of the completed application forms and Curriculum Vitae along with the Demand Draft drawn on any nationalized Banks in favor of “The Registrar, JNIAS, Secunderabad”. Application forms can be sent through email to academicprojects@jnias.in

Address
Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
6th Floor, Buddha Bhavan, M.G Road,
Secunderabad - 500 003
Andhra Pradesh, India
Tele/Fax: 040- 27541551; 27541553
Mobile: 08885541554
Web site: www.jnias.in

Brochure : https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3zPwhgA-u-nU0dyMFd2OWcxNUpSTWNYc0xDSGs5UDI4UDNB/view?usp=sharing

"Robert Sapolsky is an American neuroendocrinologist, professor of biology, neuroscience, and neurosurgery at Stanford University, researcher and author" ----Wikipedia

Address of the bookmark: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dRXA1_e30o

https://github.com/iansealy/coursera-comparinggenomes

Address of the bookmark: https://github.com/iansealy/coursera-comparinggenomes

Address of the bookmark: http://chmille4.github.io/Scribl/

http://www.phyloxml.org/archaeopteryx-js/adh.html

Address of the bookmark: http://www.phyloxml.org/