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<channel>
	<title><![CDATA[BOL: Related items]]></title>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/5380?offset=360</link>
	<atom:link href="https://bioinformaticsonline.com/related/5380?offset=360" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
	
	
<item>
  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/33903/visiting-scientist-computational-genomics</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jul 2017 07:20:18 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Visiting Scientist - Computational Genomics]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>ICRISAT is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. ICRISAT and its partners help empower those living in the semi-arid tropics, especially smallholder farmers, to overcome poverty, hunger, malnutrition and a degraded environment through more efficient and profitable agriculture. </p>

<p>ICRISAT is headquartered in Patancheru near Hyderabad, India, with two regional hubs and five country offices in sub-Saharan Africa. ICRISAT, established in 1972, is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. For more details, see www.icrisat.org.</p>

<p>Job Responsibilities:<br />Planning and execution of different NGS/genomics data analysis<br />Apply, maintain, and support cutting-edge pipelines for the analysis and interpretation of NGS data<br />Analyze large-scale genomic datasets generated internally and through collaboration with others<br />Genome wide analysis- LD analysis, hapmap, genetic map construction and qtl mapping<br />Expression analysis based on RNA-seq, gene ontology and metabolic pathway data<br />Sequence level analysis like gene family analysis, orthology/paralogy etc.<br />Familiarity with genomic and biological information databases<br />Compilation and interpretation of results and writing reports<br />Experience working independently and in a team environment<br />Requirements:</p>

<p>PhD or M.Sc with 2-3 years experience from reputed institute in the area of life science or similar Knowledge in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data analysis. Should be familiar with various sequencing platforms. Sound knowledge of genomics and molecular biology is must. Proficient in any one of the programming/scripting in languages: Python, Perl, PHP, R, Shell Scripting. Must be experienced in working on Linux and CLI environment. Ability to work as team as well as independently with minimal support. Fluency in spoken and written English is essential. </p>

<p>NGS techniques like sequence alignment, variant calling based on whole genome re-sequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), RNA-Seq/transcriptome analysis<br />Knowledge of various standard NGS related tool<br />Ability to solve complex problems in advanced genomics research areas<br />Ease and interest in working with people from diverse backgrounds<br />Excellent oral/written communication and interpersonal/networking skills<br />General: <br />This position is contract for a period of two years.</p>

<p>How to apply:<br />Applicants should apply on or before 27-July-2017, with latest Curriculum Vitae, and the names and contact information of three references that are knowledgeable about your professional qualifications and work experience. All applications will be acknowledged, however only short listed candidates will be contacted<br />Please CLICK HERE to submit your application. <br />ICRISAT is an equal opportunity employer</p>

<p>http://icrisat.careersitemanager.com/job-listings-Visiting-Scientist-Computational-Genomics-ICRISAT-Hyderabad-Secunderabad-2-to-4-years-060717000278</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/poll/view/15000/which-mathstatistics-programming-languageapplication-do-you-most-frequently-use-in-bioinformatics</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 04 Sep 2014 17:46:41 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/poll/view/15000/which-mathstatistics-programming-languageapplication-do-you-most-frequently-use-in-bioinformatics</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Which math/statistics programming language/application do you most frequently use in bioinformatics?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>I'm doing a bit more statistical analysis on some bioinformatics things lately, and I'm curious if there are any programming languages that are particularly good for this NGS computation. What suggestions do you guys have? Are there any languages that have exceptionally good libraries?</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>John Parker</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/researchlabs/view/34929/shendurelab</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 28 Dec 2017 09:57:50 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[ShendureLab]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>The mission of our lab is to develop and apply new technologies and methods for genetics, genomics and molecular biology. Most of our work exploits next-generation DNA sequencing which is effectively emerging as a broadly enabling microscope for the measurement of biological phenomena. Our ongoing work generally falls into six areas. These are listed below as links to representative publications in each area.</p>

<p>Developing New Molecular Methods</p>

<p>Genomic Approaches to Developmental Biology</p>

<p>Massively Parallel Functional Genomics</p>

<p>Translating Genomics to the Clinic</p>

<p>Genetic Basis of Human Disease</p>

<p>Genome Sequencing Technologies</p>

<p>http://krishna.gs.washington.edu/index.html<br />http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/shendure.htm</p>
]]></description>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/17186/urdip-pune-bioinformatics-srfpa-openings</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 20 Sep 2014 20:48:50 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[URDIP Pune Bioinformatics SRF/PA Openings]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>CSIR UNIT FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION PRODUCTS<br />NCL Campus, S.No.113,114, Pashan, Pune 411 008</p>

<p>ADVERTISEMENT NO. - URDIP/ 5/2014</p>

<p>Learning opportunity for young Science and Engineering professionals to make a career in Information Science Industry CSIR has set up a Unit for Research and Development of Information Products (CSIR-URDIP) at Pune to work in the area of Scientific Informatics (ChemBioinformatics/Patent Informatics/Phytoinformatics/Toxinformatics) and related<br />software development projects.</p>

<p>Applications are invited from CSIR - UGC NET Qualified Candidates for consideration as Project Fellow (PF) and/or Senior Project Fellow (SPF) based on the experience to work on existing and new projects at CSIRURDIP.</p>

<p>Project Fellow</p>

<p>    Remuneration - (Rs. 16,000.00 + 20% HRA)</p>

<p>    M. Sc. In Biochemistry/Microbiology/Bioinformatics [Post-code A02] only with minimum of 55% marks</p>

<p>Senior Project Fellow</p>

<p>    Remuneration - (Rs. 18,000.00 + 20% HRA)</p>

<p>    M. Sc. in Biochemistry/Microbiology/Bioinformatics [Post-code A05] only with minimum of 55% marks plus two years research or relevant informatics experience</p>

<p>Please visit www.urdip.res.in/career.htm to apply online by 30th September, 2014.</p>

<p>Successful candidates who have appeared for NET exam in 2012 and 2013 are only eligible to apply.</p>

<p>Advertisement: http://115.112.95.114/urhr/download/Advt5_2014.pdf</p>
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37579/cbs-comparative-microbial-genomics-group-biotools-download-page</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 22 Aug 2018 21:59:41 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/37579/cbs-comparative-microbial-genomics-group-biotools-download-page</link>
	<title><![CDATA[CBS Comparative Microbial Genomics group - BioTools download page]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<div id="section2">
<p>he CMG-biotools system presents a stand-alone interface for comparative microbial genomics. The package is a customized operating system, based on Xubuntu 10.10, available through the open source Ubuntu project. The system can be installed on a virtual computer, allowing the user to run the system alongside any other operating system. Source codes for all programs are provided under GNU license, which makes it possible to transfer the programs to other systems if so desired. We here demonstrate the package by comparing and analyzing the diversity within the class&nbsp;<em>Negativicutes</em>, represented by 31 genomes including 10 genera. The analyses include 16S rRNA phylogeny, basic DNA and codon statistics, proteome comparisons using BLAST and graphical analyses of DNA structures.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Paper:&nbsp;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0060120</p>
</div>
<div id="section3"><a name="" title="Conclusion"></a><span></span></div><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/biotools/CMGtools/" rel="nofollow">http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/biotools/CMGtools/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/17189/bioinformatics-svims-project-assistant-walk-in</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 20 Sep 2014 21:02:29 -0500</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Bioinformatics SVIMS Project Assistant Walk IN]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES<br />TIRUPATI, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA- 517 507<br />BIOINFORMATICS CENTRE, DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS</p>

<p>Eligible candidates are invited for a walk-in-interview for recruitment of Project Assistant in SVIMS Bioinformatics centre under the BTISnet Project entitled “Creation of Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility for promotion of Biology teaching through Bioinformatics” on 25.09.2014 at 11 AM in SVIMS, Tirupati. The engagement will be made purely on temporary basis for a period of one year and it can be terminated at any time without notice or without assigning any reason thereof by the Coordinator of the Project. The person engaged shall not be entitled for any claim implicit or explicit for absorption in the University.</p>

<p>1. Name of the post : Project Assistant</p>

<p>2. Qualification :<br />i) Essential : MSc Bioinformatics/MTech (Biotechnology/Bioinformatics)</p>

<p>ii) Desirable : Experience in Bioinformatics research work (Preference will be given to candidates  qualified in BINC/UGC/CSIR/NET/GATE)</p>

<p>3. Remuneration : 16000 + 10% HRA for NET/GATE candidates 14000 + 10% HRA for M. Tech / M.Sc. Candidates</p>

<p>4. Place of posting : Tirupati</p>

<p>5. Duration of the Project : One year</p>

<p>Terms and conditions:</p>

<p>1. Candidates are required to submit the Biodata relevant certificates in support of their age and educational qualification etc., before the interview committee, SVIMS University, Tirupati.</p>

<p>2. Candidates called for interview will attend the interview at their own cost.<br />3. Interim enquiries will not be entertained.<br />4. The maximum age limit for Project Assistant is 28 years for general category and 33 years for SC and ST category candidates as on 25th September, 2014.</p>

<p>Advertisement:</p>

<p>http://svr98.ehostpros.com/~svimsb98/Project%20Assistant_notification.pdf</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/41604/synteny-and-rearrangement-identifier-syri</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2020 10:37:10 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/bookmarks/view/41604/synteny-and-rearrangement-identifier-syri</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Synteny and Rearrangement Identifier (SyRI)]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>SyRI is a comprehensive tool for predicting genomic differences between related genomes using whole-genome assemblies (WGA). The assemblies are aligned using whole-genome alignment tools, and these alignments are then used as input to SyRI. SyRI identifies syntenic path (longest set of co-linear regions), structural rearrangements (inversions, translocations, and duplications), local variations (SNPs, indels, CNVs etc) within syntenic and structural rearrangements, and un-aligned regions.</p><p>Address of the bookmark: <a href="https://schneebergerlab.github.io/syri/" rel="nofollow">https://schneebergerlab.github.io/syri/</a></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jit</dc:creator>
</item>

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  <guid isPermaLink='true'>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/opportunity/view/42588/postdoc-in-genomics-of-pipefishes-and-seahorses-at-nsf-funded-postdoctoral-project-in-adam-jones-lab</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 2021 21:22:24 -0600</pubDate>
  <link></link>
  <title><![CDATA[Postdoc in Genomics of Pipefishes and Seahorses at NSF-funded postdoctoral project in Adam Jones' Lab]]></title>
  <description><![CDATA[
<p>An NSF-funded postdoctoral position is available in Adam Jones' Lab<br />at the University of Idaho to study the evolution and development of<br />the male's brood pouch in syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefishes<br />and seadragons). The project is being conducted in collaboration<br />with Dr. William Cresko's group at the University of Oregon. The<br />postdoc will be involved in studies of comparative genomics across<br />the family Syngnathidae, investigations of brood pouch morphology, and<br />characterization of the brood pouch microbiome. The position will be<br />funded for two years, with the possibility of a third year. The postdoc<br />will be based at the University of Idaho and will interact extensively<br />with the Cresko Lab at the University of Oregon.</p>

<p>The University of Idaho is in Moscow, a small college town located in<br />Northern Idaho on the Washington border. Moscow is widely considered to<br />be a great place to live, and it's known for a pleasant downtown, active<br />farmer's market, and nearby recreational opportunities. All of Moscow<br />is within biking or walking distance of the University of Idaho. For<br />more information about Moscow, see https://visitmoscowid.com/.</p>

<p>The University of Idaho has very strong faculty in evolution and<br />genomics in multiple departments and interdisciplinary programs. Of<br />particular note are the Bioinformatics and Computational Biology<br />Program (BCB: https://www.uidaho.edu/sci/bcb/people/faculty) and<br />the Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST:<br />https://www.ibest.uidaho.edu/index.php). In addition, the University of<br />Idaho is only eight miles from Washington State University in Pullman, and<br />faculty from the two institutions interact and collaborate extensively.</p>

<p>Minimum qualifications include: a Ph.D. in biological sciences,<br />bioinformatics, or a related discipline; experience conducting research<br />in genomics or evolutionary biology, as evidenced by publications<br />in peer-reviewed journals; and evidence of strong written and oral<br />communication skills.  Experience analyzing next-generation sequence<br />data and familiarity with the genomics of marine fishes are desirable<br />but not required.</p>

<p>Apply at: https://uidaho.peopleadmin.com/postings/30003</p>

<p>Review of applications will begin January 15, 2021. The start date<br />is flexible.</p>

<p>The University of Idaho is an equal opportunity/Affirmative Action/equal<br />access employer.</p>

<p>Informal inquiries are encouraged and can be directed to Adam Jones<br />(adamjones@uidaho.edu).</p>

<p>"adamjones@uidaho.edu"</p>
]]></description>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/43896/list-of-comparative-genomics-resources</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2022 04:08:06 -0500</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/43896/list-of-comparative-genomics-resources</link>
	<title><![CDATA[List of comparative genomics resources !]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1096638041"><span>3D-GENOMICS -- A Database to Compare Structural and Functional Annotations of Proteins between Sequenced Genomes</span></a></div><p>Compare structural and functional annotations of proteins between sequenced genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1100640374"><span>ARED Organism -- expansion of ARED reveals AU-rich element cluster variations between human and mouse</span></a></div><p>View AREs in the human transcriptome and study the comparative genomics of AREs in model organisms.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1234973128"><span>ATGC -- Alignable Tight Genomic Clusters Database</span></a></div><p>Find information about orthologous genes in prokaryotes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174596104"><span>AnimalQTLdb -- a livestock QTL database tool set for positional QTL information mining and beyond</span></a></div><p>Search for publicly available QTL data on livestocks and animal species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL20110518150135"><span>BGDB -- Bovine Genome Database</span></a></div><p>Find information about bovine genomics data.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1229012662"><span>COMPARE -- a multi-organism system for cross-species data comparison and transfer of information</span></a></div><p>A multi-organism web-based resource system designed to easily retrieve, correlate and interpret data across species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1218141952"><span>CONDOR -- COnserved Non-coDing Orthologous Regions</span></a></div><p>A database resource of developmentally associated conserved non-coding elements.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1099057221"><span>CORG -- A database for COmparative Regulatory Genomics</span></a></div><p>Delineate conserved non-coding blocks from upstream regions of putative orthologous gene pairs from man, mouse, rat, fugu, Mus musculus, Danio rerio, and zebrafish.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1203608896"><span>COXPRESdb -- a database of coexpressed gene networks in mammals</span></a></div><p>Find coexpressed gene lists and networks in human and mouse.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1097763045"><span>CVTree -- A Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction Tool Based on Whole Genomes</span></a></div><p>Construct phylogenetic tree of microorganisms based on oligopeptide content of their complete proteomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1232729680"><span>CleanEST -- the cleansed EST libraries database</span></a></div><p>A novel database server that classifies GenBank's dbEST (database of expressed gene sequences) libraries and removes contaminants.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1256926144"><span>CoCoa -- COefficient of COAncestry software</span></a></div><p>Find information about the ancestral relationship between genes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1227549154"><span>CoGemiR -- a comparative genomics microRNA database</span></a></div><p>Provides an overview of the genomic organization of microRNAs and extent of conservation during evolution in different metazoan species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1117678221"><span>Comparative Genometrics (CG) -- a database dedicated to biometric comparisons of whole genomes</span></a></div><p>Conduct comparative biometric analysis of chromosomes of different organisms.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1151007916"><span>DoTS -- Database Of Transcribed Sequences</span></a></div><p>Search for Indices of gene and transcripts in human and mouse.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174510065"><span>DroSpeGe -- rapid access database for new Drosophila species genomes</span></a></div><p>Search and compare 12 new and old Drosophila genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1098208414"><span>ECR Browser -- A Tool for Visualizing and Accessing Data from Comparisons of Multiple Vertebrate Genomes</span></a></div><p>Access to whole genome alignments of human, mouse, rat and fish sequences.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209738459"><span>EPGD -- Eukaryotic Paralog Group Database</span></a></div><p>Find eukaryotic paralog/paralogon information.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1232726869"><span>EVOG -- evolutionary visualizer for overlapping genes</span></a></div><p>Analyze the evolutionary process of overlapping genes when comparing different species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1227633714"><span>GNAT -- Inter-species gene mention normalization (ISGN)</span></a></div><p>The first publicly available system reported to handle inter-species gene mention normalization.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1229438992"><span>GenColors -- annotation and comparative genomics of prokaryotes made easy</span></a></div><p>A web-based software/database system aimed at an improved and accelerated annotation of prokaryotic genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1151086258"><span>GeneNest gene indices</span></a></div><p>Visualize gene indices of human, mouse, Arabidopsis, Zebrafish, Drosophila and Sheep.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174489378"><span>GenomeTrafac -- a whole genome resource for the detection of transcription factor binding site clusters associated with conventional and microRNA encoding genes conserved between mouse and human gene orthologs</span></a></div><p>Use comparative genomics approach to characterize gene models and identify putative cis-regulatory regions of RefSeq Gene Orthologs.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL20110518150753"><span>IKMC -- International Knockout Mouse Consortium web portal</span></a></div><p>Find information about mutated mouse genes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209411604"><span>IMG/M -- Integrated Microbial Genomes/Metagenomes</span></a></div><p>A data management and analysis system for metagenomes</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1234976694"><span>ISED -- Influenza sequence and epitope database.</span></a></div><p>Search for influenza sequence, vaccine, and drug resistance information.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL20140710115515"><span>LAMDHI: The Search for Animal Models Starts Here</span></a></div><p>LAMHDI, the initiative to Link Animal Models to Human DIsease, is designed to accelerate the research process by providing biomedical researchers with a simple, comprehensive Web-based resource to find the best animal models for their research.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1228843803"><span>MANTIS -- a phylogenetic framework for multi-species genome comparisons</span></a></div><p>The missing link between multi-species full genome comparisons and functional analysis.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1099578148"><span>MBGD -- Microbial genome database for comparative analysis</span></a></div><p>Conduct comparative analysis of completely sequenced microbial genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1221077729"><span>MEGA -- Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis</span></a></div><p>A biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174596756"><span>MamPol -- a database of nucleotide polymorphism in the Mammalia class</span></a></div><p>Conduct single nucleotide polymorphisms diversity measurements among homologous sequences from the Mammalia class.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1266437314"><span>MicrobesOnline -- Prokaryotic Genome Database</span></a></div><p>Find information about 1000s of microbial genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1208461006"><span>Narcisse -- a mirror view of conserved syntenies</span></a></div><p>A database dedicated to the study of genome conservation.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1219772764"><span>OMA -- the Orthologous MAtrix project</span></a></div><p>Explore orthologous relations across 352 complete genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209738741"><span>OPTIC -- orthologous and paralogous transcripts in clades</span></a></div><p>Browse complete genomes in several clades.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209573208"><span>OrthoDB -- the hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs</span></a></div><p>Find groups of orthologous genes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1221231200"><span>OrthoMaM -- orthologous mammalian markers</span></a></div><p>A database of orthologous genomic markers for placental mammal phylogenetics.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1100009979"><span>PEDANT -- Protein Extraction, Description and ANalysis Tool</span></a></div><p>Conduct genome wide functional and structural analysis.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174489475"><span>PReMod -- a database of genome-wide mammalian cis-regulatory module predictions</span></a></div><p>Conduct genome-wide cis-regulatory module (CRM) predictions for both the human and the mouse genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1151083092"><span>PhenomicDB -- Comparison of phenotypes of orthologous genes in human and model organisms</span></a></div><p>Compare phenotypes of a given gene or gene set in different model organisms.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1190899370"><span>Phylemon -- A suite of web tools for molecular evolution, phylogenetics and phylogenomics</span></a></div><p>Phylemon is a web server that integrates a selected suite of more than 20 different tools from the most popular stand-alone programs of phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1232555615"><span>PhyloPat -- the phylogenetic pattern database</span></a></div><p>Use this database to see where in the evolution some phylogenetic lineages were started, and over which species they were contained.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174510223"><span>Pristionchus.org -- a genome-centric database of the nematode satellite species Pristionchus pacificus</span></a></div><p>Search for genomic information on nematode satellite species Pristionchus pacificus.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1236367352"><span>ProtClustDB -- NCBI Protein Clusters Database</span></a></div><p>Find information about related protein sequences.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209410278"><span>ProtozoaDB -- database of protozoan genomes</span></a></div><p>Database hosting genomics and post-genomics data from multiple protozoans.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1232554690"><span>Pseudofam -- the pseudogene families database</span></a></div><p>A database of pseudogene families based on the protein families from the Pfam database.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL20110518151439"><span>RIDM - RIKEN Integrated Database of Mammals</span></a></div><p>Find genomic information about mammals.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1272562567"><span>RegPrecise -- Regulon Prediction Database</span></a></div><p>Find information about predicted regulons in prokaryotic transcription regulation.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1272477473"><span>SALAD -- Surveyed contained motif ALignment diagram and the Associating Dendrogram</span></a></div><p>Perform systematic comparison of proteome data among species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1229010765"><span>SGN -- SOL Genomics Network</span></a></div><p>A comparative map viewer dedicated to the biology of the Solanaceae family.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1256669040"><span>ShotgunFunctionalizeR -- R-package for functional comparison of metagenomes</span></a></div><p>Analyze data from functional analysis on fragmented microbial genetic material.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1256238439"><span>SnoopCGH -- Comparative Genomic Hybridization software</span></a></div><p>Visualize and explore comparative genomic hybridization data sets.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1174489598"><span>SwissRegulon -- a database of genome-wide annotations of regulatory sites</span></a></div><p>Search for genome-wide annotations of regulatory sites in yeast and prokaryotes genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1229013521"><span>TaxonGap -- a visualization tool for intra- and inter-species variation among individual biomarkers</span></a></div><p>Compare and select individual biomarkers.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1106063477"><span>The Adaptive Evolution Database (TAED) -- a phylogeny based tool for comparative genomics</span></a></div><p>Search for information on adaptive evolution in gene families of higher plants and chordate.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1216742716"><span>The CGView Server -- a comparative genomics tool for circular genomes</span></a></div><p>Generate graphical maps of circular genomes that show sequence features, base composition plots, analysis results and sequence similarity plots.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1099663588"><span>The ERGO -- Genome analysis and discovery system</span></a></div><p>Conduct a comprehensive analysis of genes and genomes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1177611772"><span>The Macaque Genome: Interactive Poster and Teaching Resource</span></a></div><p>An interactive online poster presentation on the Macaque genome, including high-quality images, video clips, and Web resources</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1103816940"><span>The TIGR Gene Indices -- clustering and assembling EST and known genes and integration with eukaryotic genomes</span></a></div><p>Search for annotated genetic information of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in different eukaryotic organisms.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1043767169"><span>UniGene</span></a></div><p>Find mapping and expression information for a unigene cluster (ESTs and full-length mRNA sequences organized into clusters that each represent a unique known or putative gene)</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1216738072"><span>Uprobe -- universal overgo hybridization-based probe retrieval and design</span></a></div><p>A public online resource for identifying or designing 'universal' overgo-hybridization probes from conserved sequences that can be used to efficiently screen one or more genomic libraries from a designated group of species.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1098205291"><span>VISTA -- Computational Tools for Comparative Genomics</span></a></div><p>Comprehensive suite of programs and databases for comparative analysis of genomic sequences.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL20110518144404"><span>cBARBEL -- Catfish Breeder and Researcher Bioinformatics Entry Location</span></a></div><p>Find information about ictalurid catfish.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1209738040"><span>eggNOG -- evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups</span></a></div><p>Discover orthologous groups of genes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1234370319"><span>metaTIGER -- a metabolic gene evolution resource</span></a></div><p>Find metabolic networks and phylogenomic information on a taxonomically diverse range of eukaryotes.</p></div><div><div><a href="https://www.hsls.pitt.edu/obrc/index.php?page=URL1138901833"><span>xBASE -- a collection of online databases for bacterial comparative genomics</span></a></div><p>Conduct bacterial comparative genomics.</p></div>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Shruti Paniwala</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44713/understanding-rna-seq-normalization-methods-tpm-vs-fpkm-vs-cpm</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 11 Dec 2024 00:59:15 -0600</pubDate>
	<link>https://bioinformaticsonline.com/blog/view/44713/understanding-rna-seq-normalization-methods-tpm-vs-fpkm-vs-cpm</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Understanding RNA-Seq Normalization Methods: TPM vs. FPKM vs. CPM]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful technology used to study transcriptomes, providing insights into gene expression levels. However, raw RNA-Seq data requires normalization to account for sequencing depth and gene length, enabling accurate comparisons between genes and samples. Among the most widely used normalization methods are TPM (Transcripts Per Million), FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million), and CPM (Counts Per Million). Each method has its unique principles and applications, which we&rsquo;ll explore in this blog.</p><h2>Why Normalize RNA-Seq Data?</h2><p>Normalization is a crucial step in RNA-Seq analysis for the following reasons:</p><ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Sequencing depth:</strong> Different RNA-Seq experiments produce varying numbers of reads, making direct comparisons between samples misleading.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Gene length:</strong> Longer genes inherently generate more reads, irrespective of their actual expression level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Bias reduction:</strong> Normalization mitigates technical biases, enabling meaningful biological interpretation.</p>
</li>
</ul><h2>TPM (Transcripts Per Million)</h2><p>TPM measures the proportion of reads mapped to a transcript, normalized by transcript length and sequencing depth. It is calculated as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Proportionality:</strong> TPM values sum to 1,000,000 across all transcripts in a sample, making it easier to compare between samples.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Intuitive interpretation:</strong> TPM values directly represent the abundance of transcripts in a sample.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Preferred for comparisons:</strong> TPM facilitates between-sample comparisons better than FPKM.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million)</h2><p>FPKM normalizes read counts by transcript length and sequencing depth, but without enforcing proportionality like TPM. It is defined as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Historical significance:</strong> FPKM was one of the first normalization methods used for RNA-Seq.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Single-end vs. paired-end:</strong> In paired-end sequencing, FPKM becomes RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase Million).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Limited utility:</strong> FPKM values are not as robust as TPM for cross-sample comparisons due to lack of proportionality.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>CPM (Counts Per Million)</h2><p>CPM normalizes raw read counts by sequencing depth, without considering gene length. It is expressed as:</p><h3>Key Features:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Simplicity:</strong> CPM is straightforward and computationally less intensive.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Application:</strong> Suitable for non-length-dependent analyses, such as comparing total expression levels or differential expression analysis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Gene length agnostic:</strong> CPM does not correct for gene length, making it less ideal for measuring expression levels.</p>
</li>
</ol><h2>When to Use Each Method</h2><ul>
<li>
<p><strong>TPM:</strong> Best for comparing expression levels between samples, especially when transcript length and sequencing depth vary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>FPKM:</strong> Useful for historical consistency but generally replaced by TPM.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>CPM:</strong> Ideal for differential expression analysis when gene length normalization is unnecessary.</p>
</li>
</ul><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Choosing the right normalization method depends on the specific objectives of your RNA-Seq analysis. TPM&rsquo;s proportionality and robustness make it the preferred choice for most applications, while CPM serves well for differential expression studies. Although FPKM paved the way for RNA-Seq normalization, it has largely been supplanted by TPM in modern workflows. Understanding these methods and their nuances ensures accurate and meaningful interpretations of RNA-Seq data.</p><h3>References:</h3><ol>
<li>
<p>Li, B., &amp; Dewey, C. N. (2011). RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. <em>BMC Bioinformatics.</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Trapnell, C., et al. (2010). Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. <em>Nature Biotechnology.</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Law, C. W., et al. (2014). voom: precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts. <em>Genome Biology.</em></p>
</li>
</ol>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Neel</dc:creator>
</item>

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