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Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries.

Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing. Many developers have also used Python to build productivity tools, games, and desktop apps, so there are plenty of resources to help you learn how to do those as well.

For pros and cons visit http://www.bestprogramminglanguagefor.me/why-learn-python and http://bioinformaticsonline.com/discussion/view/459/python-vs-perl

More resources at https://github.com/CodementorIO/Python-Learning-Resources

Following are the list of useful python programming resources:

• 20 Python Libraries You Aren't Using (But Should) (Just fill the fields with any values)
• A Beginner's Python Tutorial
• A Byte of Python (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi)
• A Guide to Python's Magic Methods - Rafe Kettler
• A Whirlwind Tour of Python - Jake VanderPlas (PDF) (EPUB, MOBI)
• Automate the Boring Stuff - Al Sweigart
• Biopython (PDF)
• Build applications in Python the antitextbook (3.x) (HTML, PDF, EPUB, Mobi)
• Building Machine Learning Systems with Python - Willi Richert & Luis Pedro Coelho, Packt. (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Building Skills in Object-Oriented Design (Python) (PDF) (2.1.1)
• Building Skills in Python (PDF) (2.6)
• Code Like a Pythonista: Idiomatic Python
• CodeCademy Python
• Composing Programs (3.x)
• Data Structures and Algorithms in Python - B. R. Preiss (PDF)
• Dive into Python 3 - Mark Pilgrim (3.0)
  • Dive into Python - Mark Pilgrim (2.3)
• From Python to NumPy
• Full Stack Python
• Functional Programming in Python (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Fundamentals of Python Programming - Richard L. Halterman (PDF) (3.2)
• Google's Python Class (2.4 - 2.x)
• Google's Python Style Guide
• Hacking Secret Cyphers with Python - Al Sweigart (3.3)
• Hadoop with Python (Just fill the fields with any values)
• High Performance Python (PDF)
• Hitchhiker's Guide to Python! (2.6)
• How to Make Mistakes in Python - Mike Pirnat (PDF) (1st edition)
• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Interactive Edition (3.2)
  • How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python - Allen B. Downey, Jeff Elkner and Chris Meyers (2.4)
  • Think Python - Allen B. Downey (2.x & 3.0)
• Intermediate Python - Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid (1st edition)
• Introduction to Programming with Python (3.3)
  • Introduction to Programming Using Python - Cody Jackson (1st edition) (2.3)
• Introduction to Python - Kracekumar (2.7.3)
• Invent Your Own Computer Games With Python - Al Sweigart (3.1)
• Learn Python, Break Python
• Learn Python in Y minutes
• Learn Python The Hard Way (2.5 - 2.6)
• Learn to Program Using Python - Cody Jackson (PDF)
• Learning Python - Fabrizio Romano, Packt. (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Learning to Program
• Lectures on scientific computing with python - J.R. Johansson (2.7)
• Making Games with Python & Pygame - Al Sweigart (2.7)
• Modeling Creativity: Case Studies in Python - Tom D. De Smedt (PDF)
• Natural Language Processing with Python (3.x)
• Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3 (3.3)
  • Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6 (2.6)
• Picking a Python Version: A Manifesto (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Porting to Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
• Practical Programming in Python - Jeffrey Elkner (PDF)
• Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures using Python - Bradley N. Miller and David L. Ranum
• Program Arcade Games With Python And Pygame (3.3)
• Programming Computer Vision with Python (PDF)
• Python 2 Official Documentation (PDF, HTML, TEXT) (2.x)
• Python 2.7 quick reference - New Mexico Tech (2.7)
• Python 3 Official Documentation (PDF, EPUB, HTML, TEXT) (3.x)
• Python Cookbook - David Beazley
• Python Data Science Handbook - Jake VanderPlas (HTML, Jupyter Notebooks)
• Python for Econometrics - Kevin Sheppard (PDF) (2.7.5)
• Python for Everybody Exploring Data Using Python 3 - Charles Severance (PDF, EPUB, HTML)
  • Python for Informatics: Exploring Information (2.7.5)
• Python for you and me (2.7.3)
• Python for you and me (3.x)
• Python Idioms (PDF)
• Python in Education (Just fill the fields with any values)
• Python in Hydrology - Sat Kumar Tomer
• Python Koans (2.7 or 3.x)
• Python Module of the Week (3.x)
  • Python Module of the Week (2.x)
• Python Notes for Professionals - Compiled from StackOverflow documentation (3.x)
• Python Practice Book (2.7.1)
• Python Practice Projects
• Python Programming (PDF) (2.6)
• Scipy Lecture Notes
• SICP in Python (3.2)
• Snake Wrangling For Kids (3.x)
• Suporting Python 3: An In-Depth Guide (2.6 - 2.x & 3.1 - 3.x)
• Test-Driven Web Development with Python (3.3 - 3.x)
• Text Processing in Python - David Mertz (2.3 - 2.x)
• The Coder's Apprentice: Learning Programming with Python 3 - Pieter Spronck (PDF) (3.x)
• The Definitive Guide to Jython, Python for the Java Platform - Josh Juneau, Jim Baker, Victor Ng, Leo Soto, Frank Wierzbicki (2.5)
• The Little Book of Python Anti-Patterns (Source)
• The Programming Historian - William J. Turkel, Adam Crymble and Alan MacEachern
• The Python Ecosystem: An Introduction
• The Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial
• The Standard Python Library - Fredrik Lundh
• Think Complexity - Allen B. Downey (2nd Edition) (PDF, HTML)
• Web2py: Complete Reference Manual, 6th Edition (pre-release) (2.5 - 2.x)
• Wikibooks: Python Programming (2.7)